Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.

Collins, AM, et al. Bovine milk, including pasteurized milk, contains antibodies directed against allergens of clinical importance to man. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 96:362-367 (1991). The presence of antibodies against many of the most common allergies in man, including ryegrass pollen, house dust mites, Aspergillus mold and wheat gluten, were detected in bovine colostrum.

Delespesse, G. Polypeptide factors from colostrum. US Patent #5,371,073 (1994). IgE (the immunoglobulin involved in allergic response) binding factors (IgE-bf) and IgE suppressor activity (IgE-SF) obtained from colostrum have been successfully used to treat allergies.

Elrod, KC, et al. Lactoferrin, a potent tryptase inhibitor, abolished late-phase airway responses in allergic sheep. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 156:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, a digestive enzyme, has been implicated in various aspects of asthma, including bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity. Lactoferrin has been shown to inhibit tryptase activity, thus relieving the symptoms of asthma.

Goldman, AS, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and bovine colostrum) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.

Keech, A.M., Peptide Immunotherapy: The Use of Bovine Colostrum Proline-Rich Polypeptides in Cytokine Modulation for the Alternative Relief of Allergic Symptoms. 2007 AAAAI Annual Meeting, San Diego, February 23-27 (to be published).

LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. -M, et al. (1996) Comparison of the IgE titers to bovine colostral G immunoglobulins and the F(ab')2 fragments in sera of patients allergic to milk. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 110:156-162.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Savilahti, E, Tainio, VM, Salmenpera, L, Arjomaa, P, Kallio, M, Perheentupa, J, Siimes, MA. Low colostral IgA associated with cow's milk allergy. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 80(12):1207-1213 (1991).

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) Low colostral IgA associated with cow's milk allergy.Acta Pediatr Scan. 80:1207-1213.

Selo I, Clement G, Bernard H, et al. (1999) Allergy to bovine B-lactoglobulin: specificity of human IgE to tryptic peptides. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 29:1055-1063.

Yoshioka, Y, Kudo, S, Nishimura, H, Yajima, T, Kishihara, K, Saito, K, Suzuki, T, Suzuki, Y, Kuroiwa, S, Yoshikai, Y. (2005) Oral administration of bovine colostrum stimulates intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to polarize Th1-type in mice. International Immunopharmacology 5(3):581-90. Stimulating the Th1 immune response from the Th2 skewed immune response in infancy is important to reduce the incidence of allergies. Mice given colostrum showed a polarization to Th1 response in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes while intestinal microflora and IgA levels showed no change. This suggests that colostrum may protect from both infectious disease and allergies mediated by Th2 type responses.

"Clinical studies show that IgE found in bovine colostrum, may be responsible for regulating allergic response," according to Drs. Tortora, Funke and Cast in Microbiology.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Allergies

Amaducci, L, et al. Use of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 640:245-249 (1991). Supplementation with phosphatidylserine, one of the phospholipids found in BIO-lipid, also produces an improvement in symptoms in Alzheimer's.

Amaducci L. (1988) Phosphatidylserine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: results of a multicenter study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 24(1):130-4.

Ames, BN, et al. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90(17):7915-7922(1993). Oxidant by-products of metabolism cause significant damage to DNA, proteins and lipids. This damage results in aging and the degenerative diseases associated with aging, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune system decline, brain dysfunction and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against these diseases decline with age, necessitating the supplementation of antioxidants in the diet.

Bilikiewicz, A, Gaus, W. Colostrinin (a naturally occurring, proline-rich, polypeptide mixture) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 6(1):17-26 (2004).

Crook, TH, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology 41(5):644-649 (1991). Patients with age-associated memory impairment showed significant improvement in memory performance tests with phosphatidylserine supplementation over a 12 week period.

Crook, T, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 28(1):61-66 (1992). Another study which showed an improvement in symptoms of Alzheimer's with phosphatidylserine supplementation over 12 weeks. The less the impairment, the greater the improvement, suggesting that the earlier phosphatidylserine supplementation is begun in the course of the disease, the better the results will be.

Cross, CE, et al. Oxygen radicals and human disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 107(4):526-545 (1987). Oxygen free radicals, the by-products of normal metabolism, have been implicated in disease processes ranging from carcinogenesis to aging, emphasizing the importance of antioxidants in combating these conditions.

Leszek, J, et al. Colostrinin: proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine colostrum - a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. Medical Science Monitor 8(10):P193-P196 (2002). In a longer-term study, colostrinin produced improvement or stabilization in patients involved in the study.

Leszek, J, Inglot, AD, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Krukowska, K, Georgiades, JA. Colostrinin: a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) complex isolated from ovine colostrum for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 47(6):377-385 (1999).

Leszek, J, Inglot, AD, Janusz, M, Byczkiewicz, F, Kiejna, A, Georgiades, J, Lisowski, J. Colostrinin proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine colostrum--a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. Medical Science Monitor 8(10):193-196 (2002).

Mikulska, JE, Lisowski, J. A proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum. Studies on the effect of PRP on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS in THP-1 cells. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 25(4):645-654 (2003).

Popik, P, Bobula, B, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Vetulani, J. Colostrinin, a polypeptide isolated from early milk, facilitates learning and memory in rats. Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Behavior 64(1):183-189 (1999).

Popik, P, Galoch, Z, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Vetulani, J. Cognitive effects of Colostral-Val nonapeptide in aged rats. Behavioral Brain Research 118(2):201-208 (2001).

Stewart, MG, Banks, D. Enhancement of long-term memory retention by Colostrinin in one-day-old chicks trained on a weak passive avoidance learning paradigm. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory prepublication (2006).

Schuster, D, Rajendran, A, Hui, SW, Nicotera, T, Srikrishnan, T, Kruzel, ML. Protective effect of colostrinin on neuroblastoma cell survival is due to reduced aggregation of beta-amyloid. Neuropeptides 39(4):419-426 (2005).

Zablocka, A, Janusz, M, Macala, J, Lisowski, J. A proline-rich polypeptide complex and its nonapeptide fragment inhibit nitric oxide production induced in mice. Regulatory Peptides 125(1-3):35-39 (2005).

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Alzheimer's

Ballard et. al. "Effects of anabolic agents on protein breakdown."Biochem J, 1983;210:243-249:

Gil, A. & Sanchez-Medina, F. "Acid soluble nucleotides of cow's, goat's and sheep's milk at different stages of lactation." Journal of Dairy Research, 1981;48:35-44.

Holbrook, N.J. & Ikeyama, S. "Age-related decline in cellular response to oxidative stress: links to growth factor signaling pathways with common defects." Biochem Pharmacol, 2002;64(5-6):999-1005.

Playford, R.J., et al. "Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability." Clin Sci (Lond), 2001;100(6):627-633.

Ullman, et al. "Effects of Growth Hormone on muscle regeneration and IgF-1 concentration in old rats." Acta Physiol Scand, 1990;140:521-525.

Xian, C.J., et al. "Degradation of IGF-1 in the adult rat gastrointestinal tract is limited by a specific antiserum or the dietary protein casein." Journal of Endocrinology, 1995;146:215-225.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Anti-aging

F. Runa Ali, A. Barry Kay, Mark Larché, The Potential of Peptide Immunotherapy in Allergy and Asthma , Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2001.

"Allergy and Asthma"Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Albert Duschl.

Elrod, KC, et al. Lactoferrin, a potent tryptase inhibitor, abolished late-phase airway responses in allergic sheep. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 156:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, a digestive enzyme, has been implicated in various aspects of asthma, including bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity. Lactoferrin has been shown to inhibit tryptase activity, thus relieving the symptoms of asthma.

Khan, A, Sellars, W, Grater, W, Graham, MF, Pflanzer, J, Antonetti, A, Bailey, J, Hill, NO. The usefulness of transfer factor in asthma associated with frequent infections. Annals of Allergy 40(4):229-232 (1978).

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Asthma

Anti-Microbial (Moldoveanu, Zina, et al, "Antibacterial Properties of Milk; IgA_ Peroxidase-Lactoferrin Interactions" Annals of N.Y. Academy of Science, (1983) Vol. 409, 848-850.

Conneely, OM. Anti-inflammatory activities of lactoferrin. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(Suppl.5):389S-395S (2001). Lactoferrin inhibits dermal inflammatory cytokine production and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory protein at local sites of inflammation, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001). Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only bovine colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in colostrum. The growth factors in colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in colostrum.

Britigan, BE, et al. The role of lactoferrin as an anti-inflammatory molecule. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 357:143-156 (1994). While the role of lactoferrin in providing non-specific immunity is well documented, it also plays a role in the anti-inflammatory response through its antioxidant effect.

Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.

Goldman, AS, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and bovine colostrum) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.

Kim, K. et al, "In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralizing Activity of Human Colostrum and Milk Against Purified Toxins A and B of Clostridium Difficle" Journal of Infectious Diseases (1984) Vol. 150 (1) 57-61.

McConnell, M.A.; Brooks, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M.B.; Buchan, G. A comparative study of immunoglobulin feels and anti-inflammatory activity in four milk products. Journal of Dairy Science. Publication forthcoming.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Playford, RJ, et al. Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. Gut 44:653-658 (1999). Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very effective in controlling joint pain in arthritis, their use also causes significant, and sometimes fatal, gastrointestinal damage. Supplementation with colostrum, however, significantly reduced and healed injury caused by NSAIDs.

Playford, RJ, et al. Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability. Clinical Science 100:627-633 (2001). Another study by Dr. Playford on the ability of colostrum to prevent damage due to NSAID use. This study showed that colostrum also prevents an increase in gastrointestinal permeability due to NSAID use, whereas NSAID use alone without colostrum causes an increase in permeability.

Wada, N., et al, "Neutralizing Activity Against Clostridium Difficile Toxins in the Supernatant of Cultured Colostral Cells" Infectious Immunology (1980) Vol. 29, 545-550.

"Glycoproteins in bovine colostrum inhibit the attachment of the Helicobacter pylori bacteria that cause stomach ulcers. Colostrum contains significant amounts of interleukin-10, a strong inflammation inhibitory agent found significant in reducing inflammation in arthritic joints and injury areas," wrote Dr. Olle Hernell, from the University of Ulmea, Sweden, in Science magazine.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Anti-inflammatory

Ahmed, L, Islam, SN, Khan, MN, Huque, S, Ahsan, M. (2004) Antioxidant micronutrient profile (vitamin E, C, A, copper, zinc, iron) of colostrum: association with maternal characteristics. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 50(6):357-8. Maternal characteristics had no influence on the profile of nutrient profile of antioxidants in colostrum.

Boldogh, I, et al. Modulation of 4HNE-mediated signaling by proline-rich peptides from ovine colostrum. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 20(2):125-134 (2003). Colostrinin down regulates lipid peroxidation, inhibits glutathione depletion and reduces intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is one more way that colostrum demonstrates antioxidant activity.

Borissenko, M. Glutathione: A powerful anti-oxidant found in colostrum. NZMP August 2002. Both glutathione and its chemical predecessors are present in large quantities in colostrum. As glutathione is not absorbed directly, glutathione production in the body can only be accomplished by supplementation with its antecedents, cystine, glycine and glutamic acid, all of which are abundant in colostrum.

Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research 24(1):14-19 (1988). Colostrum reduces ferricytochrome C in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and also disrupts other metabolic and enzymatic activities of PMNs which are crucial in PMN respiratory burst mediation of acute inflammation, showing that colostrum is a powerful antioxidant.

Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Colostral antioxidants: separation and characterization of two activities in human colostrum. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14(1):47-56 (1992). Colostrum interferes with the production of PMN respiratory burst products in two ways, ascorbate and uric acid.

Kurz, DJ, et al. Chronic oxidative stress compromises telomere integrity and accelerates the onset of senescence in human endothelial cells. Journal of Cell Science 117:2417-2426 (2004). Oxidative stress due to the buildup of oxidization by-products has been linked to the onset of cell senescence in blood vessel lining cells by disrupting telomere integrity. Telomeres are the "tails" of the chromosomes, the length of which determine the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo before reaching its limit. Glutathione, a powerful natural antioxidant, is crucial in maintaining telomere integrity.

Satue-Gracia, MT, et al. Lactoferrin in infant formulas: effect on oxidation. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48(10):4984-4990 (2000). Commercially modified infant formulas based on cow's milk have significantly less lactoferrin than whole milk, and soy formulas contain none, even though lactoferrin acts as an iron transporter protein. Adding lactoferrin to infant formulas results in the dual benefit of increased iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant and antimicrobial to extend the shelf life of the formulas.

Shigenaga, MK, et al. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91(23):10771-10778 (1994). The major source of oxidative damage are oxidants generated by mitochondria in the cells of the body. Mitochondrial function declines with age, including decreased membrane fluidity, proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and decreases levels of cardiolipin, an important lipid which supports the functioning of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Wakabayashi, H, et al. Inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation by an N-terminal peptide of bovine lactoferrin and its acylated derivatives. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry 63(5):955-957 (1999). Lactoferrin also plays an important antioxidant role in colostrum by preventing lipid peroxidation.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Anti-oxidants

Antonio, J, et al. The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women. Nutrition 17(3):243-247 (2001). Actively training male and female athletes were given colostrum supplementation or placebo for a period of 8 weeks. Subjects receiving colostrum but not placebo showed an increase in lean body mass.

Berk, LS, et al. The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22(2):207-212 (1990). A significant decrease in natural killer cell populations were seen in marathon runners following three hours of maximal exercise with full recovery of pre-exercise levels by 21 hours. This correlated with increases in cortisol levels during exercise.

Bricker, D.S. Colostrum: implications for accelerated recovery in damaged muscle and cartilage,prevention of some pathogenic disease. The American Chiropractor.pp. 4&5, November 1991.

Brinkworth, GD, et al. Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 9(11):53-60 (2004). Either bovine colostrum or whey protein were given to young men who were either in training or not in training. Those in the training group who received colostrum showed a significantly greater increase in both upper arm circumference and cross-sectional area compared to those receiving whey, while those who were not in training showed no change.

Buckley, JD, et al. Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor I. Journal of Sports Science 21(7):577-588 (2003). Athletes in training were given either bovine colostrum or placebo for 8 weeks. Those receiving colostrum showed a significant increase in peak anaerobic power over placebo.

Buckley, J., et al. "Oral supplementation with bovine colostrum increases vertical jump performance." Presented at 4th Annual Congress of the European College of Sports Science, Rome 14-17 July, 1999.

Burke, ER. Colostrum as an Athletic Enhancer and Help for AIDS. Nutrition Science News May, 1996. While leaky gut is of concern to everyone, it is particularly so for athletes who need to utilize all the nutrients they take in and prevent infection when their immune systems are impaired following exercise. Many athletes suffer irritable bowel syndrome as a result of incomplete digestion of protein supplements. The role of colostrum-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) in healing leaky gut are explored.

Butler AA, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas M, Okubo Y, LeRoith D, Diabetes Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signal transduction: at the interface between physiology and cell biology.Page 3, Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998 Sep; 121(1):19-26.

Clark J. (1996) Uses of creatine phosphate and creatine supplementation for the athlete. Scientific and Clinical Perspective (1996).

Crooks, C, et al. Bovine colostrum supplementation increases levels of s-IGA in distance runners: a study based on athletes in training for the 2002 Rotorua marathon. Unpublished research. Marathon runners in training were given bovine colostrum or placebo for 12 weeks in a double blind study. Those in the colostrum group showed significantly more secretory IgA (s-IgA) in their saliva than either the placebo group or sedentary controls. The colostrum group also reported a significantly lower rate of upper respiratory infections (URI) during this period.

Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Marshall PA. "Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists."Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7):1184-8. Related Articles, Links, Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists. School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.

Liu JL, LeRoith D, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for post-natal growth in response to growth hormone. Endocrinology 1999 Nov; 140(11):5178-84.

Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 1999 Dec; 20(6):761-87.

Hofman, Z, et al. The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12(4):461-469 (2002). Colostrum supplementation in elite field hockey players, both male and female, resulted in improved sprint performance over placebo.

Kasemkijwattana, C, et al. Use of growth factors to improve muscle healing after strain injury. Clinical Orthopedics 370:272-285 (2000). Muscle injuries, such as strains, are common in athletes. The use of growth factors, such as IGF-1, in treating such injuries is explored.

Kuipers, H, et al. Effects of oral bovine colostrum supplementation on serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels. Nutrition 18(7-8):165-172 (2002). A study for the International Olympic Committee showed no increase in blood IGF-1 or IGF-bp3 levels after 4 weeks time.

Liang, L, et al. [Effect of cytokines on repair of tendon injury] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi (Chinese) 14(5):283-285 (2000). Cytokines, such as the growth factors, can accelerate tendon repair.

Mero, A, et al. IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(2):732-739 (2002). Colostrum supplementation increases levels of IGF-1 and IgA in training athletes, but the IGF-1 in the colostrum is not absorbed intact.

Nieman, DC, et al. Complement and immunoglobulin levels in athletes and sedentary controls. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(2):124-128 (1989). Blood levels of complements C3 and C4 but not immunoglobulins decreased during periods of rest, graded maximal exercise and recovery in marathon runners.

Nieman, DC, et al. Effects of long-endurance running on immune system parameters and lymphocyte function in experienced marathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(5):317-323 (1989). Marathon runners experience a disruption of normal immune function after running long distances, a condition which returns to normal levels following 21 hours of recovery.

Molloy, T, et al. The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing. Sports Medicine 33(5):381-394 (2003). The roles of five different growth factors, IGF-1, TGF-ß, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), in healing tendon and ligament injuries is explored. Each plays a different but vital role in the process.

Mero A, et al. (1997) Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 83:1144-1151.

Sato, K, et al. Improvement of muscle healing through enhancement of muscle regeneration and prevention of fibrosis. Muscle & Nerve 28(3):355-372 (2003). IGF-1 can improve muscle regeneration in injured muscle.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The mechanisms by which growth hormone brings about growth. The relative contributions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996 Sep; (3):615-31.

Sparling PB, Nieman DC, O'Connor PJ. (1993) Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing: an update on fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender difference. Sports Medicine. 15:116-132.

Sparling, PB, et al. Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing. An update on fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender difference. Sports Medicine 15(2):116-132 (1993). Negative changes to the immune system during long distance running increase the chances of upper respiratory infections in these athletes for a period following exercise. Proper nutrition, adequate rest and appropriate recover between workouts as well as other measures can lessen the risk.

Wu, A.H. & Perryman, M.B. "Clinical applications of muscle enzymes and proteins." Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4(6):815-820.

Zimecki, M, et al. Effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the development of hemolytic anemia and survival of New Zealand black (NZB) mice. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991). Colostrinin (PRP) increased survival in mice susceptible to hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune disease. It is hypothesized the colostrinin induces suppressor cells which slow development of the disease. This suggests that colostrinin may have therapeutic value in treating autoimmune diseases.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Althetic Performance

Bitzan, M.M.; Gold, B.D.; Philpott, D.J.; Huesca, M.; Sherman, P.M.; Karch, H.; Lissner, R.; Lingwood, C.A.; Karmali, M.A.; Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobactor mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961, April 1998.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998). H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.

Bolke E, Jehle PM, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., Shock. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12. Related Articles, Links, Preoperative oral application of immunoglobulin-enriched colostrum milk and mediator response during abdominal surgery. Department of Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany.

Butler, J. E. Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions. Chapter Five. in: Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Academic Press. New York. 1974.

Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002). Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.

Christopher-Hennings, J., et al., lmmunocompromise in gnotobiotic pigs induced by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (Olll:NM). Infect. Immun. 1993. 61: p. 2304-2308.

da Costa, RS, et al. Characterization of iron, copper and zinc levels in the colostrum of mothers of term and pre-term infants before and after pasteurization. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 54(2):111-117 (2003). Milk samples were collected from mothers from day 1 to day 7 postpartum. Milk that was pasteurized showed some diminution of zinc, copper and iron levels, but not to a significant degree. Sufficient levels remained in the pasteurized milk to supply the needs of the new-born infants.

Doyle, P. S. Anti-Cryptosporiduim antibodies inhibit infectivity in vitro and in 9 vivo. Infection and Immunity 61(10):4079-4084. Oct. 1993.

Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.

Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

Flanigan T, Marshall R, Redman D, Kaetzel C, Ungar B. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):225S-227S. Related Articles, Links, In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Funatogawa K, Ide T, Kirikae F, Saruta K, Nakano M, Kirikae T. Microbiol Immunol. 2002;46(11):761-6. Related Articles, Links, Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in mice. Southern Direct Meat Products Inspection Office, Tochigi, Tochigi 328-0033, Japan.

Holloway, NM, et al. Serum immunoglobulin G concentrations in calves fed fresh and frozen colostrum. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 219(3):357-359 (2001). No significant difference was found between the IgG concentrations of fresh bovine colostrum and frozen and thawed bovine colostrum.

Ho, P.C., and Lawton, J.W.M. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. The Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 93, No. 6, pp. 910-915.

Kim, K., et al., In vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity of human colostrum and milk against purified toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. T. Infect. Dis. 1985. 150: p. 57-61.

Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens.

Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR, Bostwick EF., J Parasitol. 2000 Jun;86(3):631-2. Related Articles, Links, Successful hyperimmune bovine colostrum treatment of Savanna monitors (Varanus exanthematicus) infected with Cryptosporidium sp. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.

Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, Busch DH, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4):452-6. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea in infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, and E. coli expressing intimin and hemolysin. Children's Hospital, The University of Wurzburg, Germany.

Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Bovine colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78(6):655-662 (1995). Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers in humans. Serum and colostrum from non-immunized Friesian cows were found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori. Post-colostral milk did not show any bactericidal effect against H. pylori.

Lilius, EM, Marnila, P. The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14(3): 295-300 (2001). Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Lilius EM, Marnila P. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2001 Jun;14(3):295-300. Related Articles, Links, The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

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McClead, R., et al., Resistance of bovine anti-cholera toxin IgG to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis. Pedia. Res. 1982.6: p. 227-231.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

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Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer's patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother's colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Paulsson, MA, et al. Thermal behavior of bovine lactoferrin in water and its relation to bacterial interaction and antibacterial activity. Journal of Dairy Science 76(12):3711-3720 (1993). Lactoferrin which was either unheated or pasteurized showed similar activity, while lactoferrin exposed to UHT treatment decreased its ability to bind to bacterial species and destroyed its ability to inhibit bacterial growth.

Spik, G., et al., Bacteriostasis of a milk-sensitive strain of E. coli immunoglobulins and iron-binding proteins associated with colostrum. Immunology 1981. 35: p. 663-670.

Seifert J, Molkewehrum M, Oesser S, Nebermann L, Schulze C. Eur Surg Res. 2002 Jan-Apr;34(1-2):68-72. Related Articles, Links, Endotoxin inactivation by enterally applied colostrum of different composition. Surgical Research, Department of Surgery and Thoracic Surgery, Kiel, Germany.

Stephan W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 Jan;28(1):19-23. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Biotest Pharma GmbH, Forschungsabteilung, Frankfurt.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):276-83. Related Articles, Links, Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3. Related Articles, Links, Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Takakura N. et al."Effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on the immune response in the oral candidiasis murine model."J Med Microbiol. 2004 Jun;53(Pt 6):495-500.

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Wada, T, et al. The therapeutic effect of bovine lactoferrin in the host infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 34(3):238-243 (1999). Mice infected with H. pylori were given a daily dose of bovine lactoferrin for 2-4 weeks. Their intestines were then examined for bacterial content. Numbers of H. pylori were reduced to 10% of pre-lactoferrin levels and greatly decreased the numbers of H. pylori bound to the intestinal wall. Serum antibody titer to H. pylori were reduced to practically zero, indicating that the immune response of the host was no longer recognizing H. pylori infection. Therefore it was deduced that lactoferrin has a direct antibacterial effect on H. pylori infection and prevents binding of the pathogen to the intestinal lining.

Wada, N., et al., Neutralizing activity against Clostridium difficile toxins in the supernatants of cultured colostral cells. Infect. Immun.. 1980.29: p. 545-550.

Watzl, B., et al., Enhancement of resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum by pooled bovine colostrum during murine retroviral infection. Am. T. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993. 48(4): p. 519-523.

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Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine colostrinine (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor product by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis (Warsaw) 45(1):43-47 (1997). Colostrinin stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interferon-beta (INF-ß), both important cytokines in the inflammatory response.

Bocci, V, et al. What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biologic Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents 5(4):121-124 (1991). The cytokines present in colostrum, such as TNF-a, interferon-g, IL-1 and IL-6, have an immunostimulatory effect. This could be significant for aged people or others with immunodeficiency.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

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McConnell, M. A., Buchan, G. A. A., Borissenko, M. V., Brooks, H. J. L. (2001). A Comparison of IgG and IgG1 Activity in an Early Milk Concentrate from Non-Immunised Cows and a Milk from Hyperimmunised Animals. Food Research International 34 (2001) 255 - 261.

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Rautiainen E. (1998) The prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds in western Finland based on the demonstration of antibodies in colostrum by ELISA. Acta Vet Scand. 39:325-330.

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Robert Service. (1994) Triggering the First Line of Defense. Research News. 265.

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Sarker S, Casswall T, Mahalanabis M, et al. (1998) Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine colostrum. Pediatric Journal of Infectious Disease. 17:1149-54.

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Staroscik K, Janusz M, Zimecki M, Wieczorek Z, Lisowski J. (1983) Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology. 12:1277-1282.

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Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47:276-283 (1992).

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Tyler J, Stevens B, Hostetler D, Holle J, Denbigh J. (1999) Colostral immunoglobulin concentrations in holstein and guernsey cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 60(9):1136-9

Tzipori S, Roberton D, Chapman C. (1986) Remission of diarrhea due to cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient child treated with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. British Medical Journal. 293(6557):1276-7.

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Walker M. (1999) Bovine colostrum offers broad-spectrum benefits for wide-ranging ailments. Medical Journalist Report of Innovative Biologics: Townsend Letters for Doctors and Patients. 74-80.

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For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Immune Factors

Abbas, AK, Murphy, KM, Sher, A. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 383:787-793 (1996).

Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Antiamoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Armogida, SA, Yannaras, NM, Melton, AL, Srivastava, MD. (2004). Identification and quantification of innate immune system mediators in human breast milk. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 25(5):297-304. Mediators of the innate immune system were determined in human colostrum. Human neutrophil-derived a-defensin 1 (HNP-1) and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) were present in high amounts, human alpha-defensin 6 (HD-6) was present in moderate amounts, and HD-5 and HBD-1 were present in the lowest concentrations. HNP-1, HD-5 and HD-6 were present in significantly higher amounts in colostrum than in mature milk. It is believed that the innate immune system provides protection for both maternal breast tissue and the developing digestive system of newborns.

Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine colostrinine (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor production by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 45(1):43-47 (1997).

Boesman-Finkelstein, M., et al., Passive oral immunization of children. Lancet. 1989. 49: p. 1336.

Boldogh, I, Liebenthal, D, Hughes, TK, Juelich, TL, Georgiades, JA, Kruzel, ML, Stanton, GJ. Modulation of 4HNE-mediated signaling by proline-rich peptides from ovine colostrum. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 20(2):125-134 (2003).

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Cesarone, MR, Belcaro, G, Di Renzo, A, Dugall, M, Cacchio, M, Ruffini, I, Pellegrini, L, Del Boccio, G, Fano, F, Ledda, A, Bottari, A, Ricci, A, Stuard, S, Vinciguerra, G. (2007) Prevention of influenza episodes with colostrum compared with vaccination in healthy and high-risk cardiovascular subjects: the epidemiologic study in San Valentino. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 13(2):13-6. Two month supplementation with oral colostrum was compared to anti-influenza vaccination in the prevention of flu. Colostrum was at least three times more effective than vaccination in preventing flu.

Chaplin, DD. Overview of the human immune response. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 117(Suppl.2):S430-S435 (2006).

Collier, RJ, et al. Factors affecting insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science 74(9):2905-2911 (1991). IGF-1 levels are highest in colostrum and lower in mature milk. Concentration was not altered by pasteurization (79°C for 45 seconds) but was undetectable at higher temperatures (121°C for 5 minutes) used for infant formula preparation and in commercial infant formula.

De Vinci, C, Levine, PH, Pizza, G, Fudenberg, HH, Orens, P, Pearson, G, Viza, D. Lessons from a pilot study of transfer factor in chronic fatigue syndrome. Biotherapy 9(1-3):87-90 (1996).

Dominguez, E, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the antigen-binding activity of anti-peroxidase immunoglobulins in bovine colostrum. Journal of Dairy Science 80(12):3182-3187 (1997). A negative correlation was made between temperature and time in the denaturation of IgG, i.e. the higher the temperature, the shorter the time needed for denaturation to occur.

Domaraczenko, B, Janusz, M, Orzechowska, B, Jarosz, W, Blach-Olszewska, Z. Effect of proline rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum on virus replication in human placenta and amniotic membrane at term; possible role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha. Placenta 20(8):695-701 (1999).

Dwyer, J. M. Manipulating the Immune System with Immune Globulin. New Engl. J. Med. 326(2):107-116. Jan. 9, 1992.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Godden, SM, et al. Effect of on-farm commercial batch pasteurization of colostrum on colostrum and serum immunoglobulin concentrations in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 86(4):1503-1523 (2003). Pasteurization of high quality colostrum reduces IgG concentrations by 23.6-58.5%.

Haynes, B. F. and Fauci, A. S. Introduction to Clinical Immunology. Part Two. Section 2. in: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Eleventh Edition. Eds. E. Braunwald et al. pp.328-337. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York. 1987.

Heaton, P. "Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukemia." Arch Dis Child, 1990;65(7):813-814. No abstract available.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001). Interleukin-1ß in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 -915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Inglot, A.D, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. Colostrinine: a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum is a modest cytokine inducer in human leukocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 44(4):215-224 (1996).

Janusz, M, Staroscik, K, Zimecki, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. A proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) with immunoregulatory properties isolated from ovine colostrum. Murine thymocytes have on their surface a receptor specific for PRP. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 34(4):427-436 (1986).

Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP)--an immunomodulatory peptide from ovine colostrum. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 41(5-6):275-279 (1993).

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Julius, MH, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140(5):1366-371 (1988).

Janusz, M, Wieczorek, Z, Spiegel, K, Kubik, A, Szewczuk, Z, Siemion, I, Lisowski, J. Immunoregulatory properties of synthetic peptides, fragments of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) from ovine colostrum. Molecular Immunology 24(10):1029-1031 (1987).

Khan, A. Non-specificity of transfer factor. Annals of Allergy 38(5):320-322 (1977).

Kruzel, ML, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Fischleigh, RV, Georgiades, JA. Towards an understanding of biological role of colostrinin peptides. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 17(3):379-389 (2001).

Kubis, A, Marcinkowska, E, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. Studies on the mechanism of action of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP): effect on the stage of cell differentiation. Peptides 26(11):2188-2192 (2005).

Khazenson L.B., et al. "[Activity of bovine colostral IgG in the human digestive tract]." Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol, Immunobiol, 1980;9:101-106.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Ogra, P. et al. Colostrum Derived Immunity and Maternal Neonatal Interaction. Annals NY Acad. Sci. 409:82-92. 1983.

Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in colostrum, including anti-polio antibody.

Pineiro, A.,et al. "Trypsin inhibitor from cow colostrum., Isolation, electrophoretic characterization and immunologic properties." Biochem Biophys Acta (Amsterdam), 1975;379(1): 201-206.

Lisowski, J, Wieczorek, Z, Janusz, M, Zimecki, M. Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) from ovine colostrum. Bi-directional modulation of binding of peanut agglutinin, resistance to hydrocortisone, and helper activity in murine thymocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 36(4):381-393 (1988).

Li-Chan, E, et al. Stability of bovine immunoglobulins to thermal treatment and processing. Food Research International 28(1):9-16 (1995). Pasteurized milk, reconstituted skim milk powder and whey from cheddar cheese all showed high levels of IgG while canned evaporated milk and UHT sterilized milk had little or no IgG.

Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare.

Meylan, M, et al. Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and preservation of immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum under experimental conditions simulating pasteurization. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57(11):1580-1585 (1996). Pasteurization produced a mean loss of 12.3% of the IgG in colostrum.

McGuirk, P, Mills, KH. Pathogen-specific regulatory T cells provoke a shift in the Th1/Th2 paradigm in immunity to infectious diseases. Trends in Immunology 23:450-455 (2002).

Mosmann, TR, Cherwinski, H, Bond, MW, et al. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. Journal of Immunology 136:2348-2357 (1986).

Mosmann, TR, Coffman, RL. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annual Reviews of Immunology 7:145-173 (1989).

Mosmann, TR, Sad, S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunology Today 17:138-146 (1996).

Staroscik, K, Janusz, M, Zimecki, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology 20(12):1277-1282 (1983).

Siemion, IZ, Folkers, G, Szewczuk, Z, Jankowski, A, Kubik, A, Voelter, W. Peptides related to the active fragment of "proline rich polypeptide", an immunoregulatory protein of the ovine colostrum. Spectroscopic and computer modeling studies. International Journal of Protein and Peptide Research 36(6):506-514 (1990).

Steven J. Bock, MD, PRPS and It's Clinical Applications. International Journal of Integrative Medicine.

Solomons, N. W., Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):S24-S28 (2002).

Stoff, J. A., The Use of Dialyzable Bovine Colostrum Extract in Conjunction with a Holistic Treatment Model for Natural Killer Cell Stimulation in Chronic Illness. Obtained by Matol Botanical International (1-800-363-1890).

Stoff, J, et al. An Examination of Immune Response Modulation in Humans by Ai/E¹º® Utilizing A Double Blind Study. Townsend Letter April, 2002. Peptides in a colostrum extract increased levels of immune activity in healthy subjects.

Stephan, W., et al., Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1990. 28: p. 19-23.

Solomons NW. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S24-8. Related Articles, Links, Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala.

Sabin, A. & Fieldsteel, A.H. "Antipoliomyelitic activity of human and bovine colostrum and milk." Pediatrics, 1962:105-115.

Sandholm, M. & Hankanen-Buzalski, T. "Colostral trypsininhibitor capacity in different animal species." Acta Vet Scand, 1979;20(4):469-476.

Sabin, AB. Anti-poliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children 80:866-870 (1950). Seminal study by Dr. Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine, in which he discovered antibodies against the polio virus in colostrum.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

Staroscik, K, Janusz, M, Zimecki, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology 20(12):1277-1282 (1983).

van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.

Wieczorek, Z, Zimecki, M, Spiegel, K, Lisowski, J, Janusz, M. Differentiation of T cells into helper cells from immature precursors: identification of a target cell for a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP). Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 37(3-4):313-322 (1989).

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Wilson, D.C., J. Immune system breakthrough: colostrum. Journal of Longevity. 4(2), 1998.

Wieczorek, Z, Zimecki, M, Janusz, M, Staroscik, K, Lisowski, J. Proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: its effect on skin permeability and on the immune response. Immunology 36(4):875-881 (1979).

Zimecki, M, Pierce, CW, Janusz, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. Proliferative response of T lymphocytes to a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP): PRP mimics mitogenic activity of Il-1. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 35(3):339-349 (1987).

Zimecki, M, Janusz, M, Staroscik, K, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. Immunological activity of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 26(1-6):23-29 (1978).

Zimecki, M, Lisowski, J, Hraba, T, Wieczorek, Z, Janusz, M, Staroscik, K. The effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the humoral immune response. II. PRP induces differentiation of helper cells from glass-nonadherent thymocytes (NAT) and suppressor cells from glass-adherent thymocytes (GAT). Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 32(2):197-201 (1984).

Zimecki, M, Artym, J. Therapeutic properties of proteins and peptides from colostrum and milk. Post?py Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalne j 59:309-323 (2005).

Zimecki, M, Staroscik, K, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Wieczorek, Z. The inhibitory activity of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the immune response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 31(6):895-903 (1983).

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Immune System

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Abirl, A. B., Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. T. Dis. Children. 1950. 80: p.866-870.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman PM, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood CA, Karmali MA. J Infect Dis. 1998 Apr;177(4):955-61. Related Articles, Links, Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.

Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research 24(1):14-19 (1988). Colostrum reduces ferricytochrome C in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and also disrupts other metabolic and enzymatic activities of PMNs which are crucial in PMN respiratory burst mediation of acute inflammation, showing that colostrum is a powerful antioxidant.

Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Colostral antioxidants: separation and characterization of two activities in human colostrum. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14(1):47-56 (1992). Colostrum interferes with the production of PMN respiratory burst products in two ways, ascorbate and uric acid.

Blum J, Hadorn U, Sallmann H, and Schuep W. (1997) Delaying colostrum intake by one day impairs plasma lipid, essential fatty acid, carotene, retinal and a-tocopherol status in neonatal calves. American Society for Nutritional Sciences (1997).

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Boesman-Finkelstein M, Finkelstein RA. Lancet. 1989 Dec 2;2(8675):1336. Related Articles, Links, Comment on: Lancet. 1989 Sep 23;2(8665):709-12. Passive oral immunisation of children.

Burrin D, Davis T, Ebner S, Schoknecht P, Fiorotto M, Reeds P. (1997) Colostrum enhances the nutritional stimulation of vital organ protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. American Society for Nutritional Sciences.127(7):1284-9.

Burrin DG, Shulman RJ, Reeds PJ, Davis TA, Gravitt KR. (1992) Porcine colostrum and milk stimulate visceral organ and skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonatal piglets. Journal of Nutrition. 122:1205-1213.

Buescher E, Mcllheran S. (1988) Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research. 24(1):14-9.

Casswall TH, Sarker SA, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12(6):563-8. Related Articles, Links, Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in infants in rural Bangladesh with oral immunoglobulins from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Department of Clinical Sciences, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn’s disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Davidson G, Whyte P, Daniels E, et al. (1989) Passive immunization of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet. 2(8665):709-12.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Ghidini A, Hicks C, Lapinski RH, Lockwood CJ. (1997) Morbidity in the preterm infant with mature lung indicies. American Journal of Perinatology. 14:75-78.

Heaton P. (1990) Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 65:813-814.

Heaton P. Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Arch Dis Child. 1994 Apr;70(4):356-7. Related Articles, Links.

Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Hilpert H, Brussow H, Mietens C, Sidoti J, Lerner L, Werchau H. (1987) Use of bovine milk concentrate containing antibody to rotavirus to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 156:158-166.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 –915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, Busch DH, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4):452-6. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea in infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, and E. coli expressing intimin and hemolysin. Children's Hospital, The University of Wurzburg, Germany.

Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 1999 Dec; 20(6):761-87.

Jennifer S. Read and Committee on Pediatric AIDS , AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS: Human Milk, Breastfeeding, and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the United States. Pediatrics, Nov 2003; 112: 1196 - 1205.

Jensen R. (1998) Human milk lipids as a model for infant formulas. Lipid Technology. 34(12):1243-71.

Lawton JW, Shortridge KF, Wong RL, Ng MH. (1979) Interferon synthesis by human colostral leucocytes. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 54:127-130.

Mack DK.R.; et al. Correlation of intestinal lactulose permeability with exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Journal of Pediatrics. 120:696-701 (1992).

Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

McClead, R. et. al, Pediatrics Research, 1979;13(4): 464. Pineiro, A., et al. “Trypsin inhibitor from cow colostrum., Isolation, electrophoretic characterization and immunologic properties.” Biochem Biophys Acta (Amsterdam), 1975;379(1): 201-206.

McClead, R., et al., Resistance of bovine anti-cholera toxin IgG to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis. Pedia. Res. 1982.6: p. 227-231.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer’s patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother’s colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Oda S, Satoh H, Sugawara T, et al. (1989) Insulin-like growth factor-I, GH, insulin and glucagon concentrations in bovine colostrum and in plasma of dairy cows and neonatal calves around parturition. Comp. Biochemical Physiology. 94A:805-808.

Ogra SS, Ogra PL. (1978) Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. The Journal of Pediatrics. 92:546-549.

Petschow B, Talbott R. (1994). Reduction in virus-neutralizing activity of a bovine colostrum immunglobulin concentrate by gastic acid and digestive enzymes. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 19:228-235 (1994).

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Rueda R, Maldonado J, Narbona E, Gil A. (1998) Neonatal Dietary Gangliosides. Early Human Development. 53 Suppl:S135-47.

Sabin, AB. Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children 80:866-870 (1950). Seminal study by Dr. Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine, in which he discovered antibodies against the polio virus in colostrum.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

Shield J, Melville C, Novelli V, Anderson G, Scheimberg I, Gibb D, Milla P. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Oct;69(4):451-3. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, London.

Sarker SA, Casswall TH, Mahalanabis D, Alam NH, Albert MJ, Brussow H, Fuchs GJ, Hammerstrom L.Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine colostrum. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Dec;17(12):1149-54.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The mechanisms by which growth hormone brings about growth. The relative contributions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996 Sep; (3):615-31.

Skottner A, Arrhenius-Nyberg V, Kanje M, Fryklund L. (1990) Anabolic and tissue repair functions of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I. Acta Pediatric Scand. 367:63-66 (1990).

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) Low colostral IgA associated with cow’s milk allergy. Acta Pediatr Scan. 80:1207-1213.

Sabin, A. & Fieldsteel, A.H. “Antipoliomyelitic activity of human and bovine colostrum and milk.” Pediatrics, 1962:105-115.

Shortridge KF, Lawton JW, Choi EK. Protective potential of colostrum and early milk against prospective influenza viruses. J Trop Pediatr. 1990 Apr;36(2):94-5.

Sangild P. (1999) Intestinal Macromolecule Absorption in the Fetal Pig after Infusion of Colostrum in Utero. Pediatric Research. 45:595-602.

Satue-Gracia, MT, et al. Lactoferrin in infant formulas: effect on oxidation. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48(10):4984-4990 (2000). Commercially modified infant formulas based on cow’s milk have significantly less lactoferrin than whole milk, and soy formulas contain none, even though lactoferrin acts as an iron transporter protein. Adding lactoferrin to infant formulas results in the dual benefit of increased iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant and antimicrobial to extend the shelf life of the formulas.

Tyrell, David, "Breast Feeding and Virus Infection The Immunity of Infant Feeding" (1980) Plenum Press, N.Y., 55-61.

Tzipori S, Roberton D, Chapman C. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Nov 15;293(6557):1276-7. Related Articles, Links, Remission of diarrhoea due to cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient child treated with hyperimmune bovine colostrum.

Walker WA. (1975) Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 22:731-746.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

“Colostrum contains non-specific inhibitors that inhibit a wide range of respiratory illness, notably influenza viruses. Colostrum is specifically cited for its unique effectiveness against potentially deadly outbreaks of Asian flu viruses that emerge from animal/human mutations.” This was published by Dr. Shortridge, et al, in the Journal of Tropical Pediatrics.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Infant Health

Acosta-Altamirano, G., et al., Antiamoebic properties of human colostrum. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1987. 216B: p.1347-1352.

Batash, S., et al. Intestinal permeability in HIV infection: proper controls are necessary (letter). American Journal of Gastroenterology. 87:680, 1992.

Bogstedt, A.K.; Johanson, K.; Hatta, H.; Kim, M.; Casswall, T.; Svenson, L.; Hammarstrom, S. Passive immunity against diarrhea. Acta Paediatr. 85:125-128, 1996.

Bjarnason I, Peters TJ, Wise RJ. (1984) The Leaky gut of alcoholism: Possible route of entry for toxic compounds. Lancet. 1(8370):179-82.

Bühler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Campieri M, Gionchetti P. (1999) Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: New insight to pathogenesis or a possible therapeutic alternative. Gastroenterology. 116:1246-1260.

Crissinger K, Kvietys P, Granger D. (1990) Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal mucosal permeability. Journal of Internal Medicine. 228:145-154.

Deitch E. (1990) The Role of intestinal barrier failure and bacterial translocation in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure. Archives of Surgery. 125(3):403-4.

Doe W. An overview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption. American Journal of Medicine. 67:1077-1084, 1979.

Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Gastroenterology. 1984 Aug;87(2):379-85. Related Articles, Links, A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid. Studies in adult and suckling rats.

Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Katz, K.D., et al. Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their healthy relatives. Gastroenterology. 97:927-931, 1989.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere's Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

Meilants, H. "Reflections on the Link Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Joint Disease" Clin Exp. Rheumatology. 8(5):523-524, 1990.

Mack DK.R.; et al. Correlation of intestinal lactulose permeability with exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Journal of Pediatrics. 120:696-701, 1992.

McGauley GA (1987) Abnormal intestinal permeability: An aetiological factor in chronic psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 150:853-856.

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Pironi, L.; et al. "Relationship Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Activity in Asymptomatic Patients with Crohn's Diseasse," Dig. Dis. Sci. 35(5):582-588, 1990.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Factors associated with grower herd performance in three New Zealand pig farms (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Roos N, Mahe S, Benamouzig R, Sick H, Rautureau J, Tome D.,J Nutr. 1995 May;125(5):1238-44. Related Articles, Links, 15N-labeled immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum are partially resistant to digestion in human intestine. Institut fur Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernahrung, Kiel, Germany.

Rooney, P.J.; Jenkins, R.T.; Buchanan, W.W. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint diseases. Clinical and Experimental Rhuematalogy. 8:75-83, 1990.

Rooney PJ, Jenkins RT, Buchanan WW. (1990). A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 8:75-83.

Sangild P. (1999) Intestinal Macromolecule Absorption in the Fetal Pig after Infusion of Colostrum in Utero. Pediatric Research. 45:595-602.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

Van der Hulst R, Van Kreel B, Meyenfeldt M, et al. (1993) Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 341:1363-1365.

Werbach MR. (1998) Intestinal health relieves rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition Science News. 3:396.

Walker WA. (1975) Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 22:731-746.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Digestive Health

Abe H, Saito H, Miyakawa H, et al. (1991) Heat stability of bovine lactoferrin at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:65-71.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.

Applemelk BJ, An YQ, Geerts M, et al. (1994) Lactoferrin is a lipid A-binding protein. Infection and Immunity. 62:2628-2632.

Baker EN, Anderson BF, Baker HM, et al. (1994) Three-dimensional structure of lactoferrin in various functional states. Lactoferrin: Structure and Function. 1-12.

Bellamy W, Takase M, Yamauchi K, Wakabayashi H, Kawase K, Tomita M. (1992) Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochemica Biophys Acta. 1121:130-136.

Bellamy, W., et al. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 73:472-479, (1992).

Buchta R. (1991) Ovine lactoferrin: Isolation from colostrum and characterization. Journal of Dairy Research. 211-218.

Drobni, P, Naslund, J, Evander, M. (2004). Lactoferrin inhibits human papillomavirus binding and uptake in vitro. Antiviral Research 64(1):63-8. Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes genital warts and is a prerequisite for cervical cancer. Lactoferrin blocked entry of the virus into cells in vitro, most likely by competing for binding sites. Bovine lactoferrin was a more potent inhibitor of the virus than human lactoferrin.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Fujita, K, et al. Down-regulation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx)-induced CYP1A2 expression is associated with bovine lactoferrin inhibition of MeIQx-induced liver and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 93(6):616-625 (2002). The mechanism of action of bovine lactoferrin on down regulating the expression of carcinogenic agents is explored.

Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).

Griffiths, CE, et al. Exogenous topical lactoferrin inhibits allergen-induced Langerhans cell migration and cutaneous inflammation in humans. British Journal of Dermatology 144(4):715-725 (2001). Lactoferrin influences inflammation inhibiting Langerhans cell migration, normally controlled by TNF-a and IL-1ß, which are inhibited by lactoferrin.

Gutteridge J, Paterson S, Segal A, Halliwell B. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the iron-binding protein lactoferrin. Biochem. Journal. 199:259-261.

Haridas M, Anderson BF, Baker HM, Norris GE, Baker EN. (1994) X-ray structure analysis of bovine lactoferrin at 2.5 Angstrom resolution. Lactoferrin: Structure and Function. pg235-238.

Harmsen MC, Swart PJ, de Bethune MP, et al. (1995) Antiviral effects of plasma and mild proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 172:380-388.

Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.

Hayashida, K, Takeuchi, T, Ozaki, T, Shimizu, H, Ando, K, Miyamoto, A, Harada, E. (2004). Bovine lactoferrin has a nitric oxide-dependent hypotensive effect in rats. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286(2):R359-65. Bovine lactoferrin has a hypotensive effect via an endothelium- dependent vasodilation that is strongly mediated by NO production.

Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999). Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.

Iigo, M, et al. Orally administered bovine lactoferrin induces caspase-1 and interleukin-18 in the mouse intestinal mucosa: a possible explanation for inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Cytokine 25(1):36-44 (2004). Oral lactoferrin administration increased the production of IL-18 by intestinal epithelial cells followed by increases in caspase-1 and INF-g, which potentiate the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in attacking cancer cells.

Ikeda M, Sugiyama K, Tanaka T, et al. (1998) Lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in cultured human hepatocytes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 245:549-553.

Jenssen, H, Andersen, JH, Uhlin-Hansen, L, Gutteberg, TJ, Rekdal, O. (2004). Anti-HSV activity of lactoferricin analogues is only partly related to their affinity for heparan sulfate. Antiviral Research 61(2):101-109. It has been shown that bovine lactoferricin (a biologically active peptide derived from lactoferrin) blocks herpes simplex virus (HSV) binding by competing for receptor (heparin sulfate) sites on target cells. However, this is apparently not the only mechanism that accounts for the anti-HSV activity of lactoferricin. Hydrophobicity, molecular size, spatial distribution of charged and lipophilic amino acids, and the ring structure of lactoferricin also seem to be important factors.

Kawakami H. (1988) Effects of iron-saturated Lactoferrin on iron absorption. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52:903-908.

Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutrition and Cancer 38(2):192-199 (2000). A similar study on the protective effects of lactoferrin supplementation on protecting from lung metastasis in experimentally induced colon cancer. In addition to the increase in cytotoxic cells seen in other studies, there was also an increase in IL-18 production in the intestinal epithelium, suggesting it plays a role in mediating the inhibition of the cancers.

Kimber, I, et al. Lactoferrin: influences on Langerhans cells, epidermal cytokines, and cutaneous inflammation. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):103-107 (2002). Apart from its modulation anti-inflammatory cytokines, lactoferrin also expresses an anti-inflammatory effect through controlling the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells. Lactoferrin inhibited the migration of these cells when the skin was exposed to an irritant, thus decreasing the inflammatory response.

Kussendrager KD. Effects of heat treatment on structure and iron-binding capacity of bovine lactoferrin. Indigenous Antimicrobial Agents of Milk - Recent Developments 133-146.

Kwiat G. (1998) Lactoferrin. NutriCology in Focus.

Levay PF, Viljoen M. (1980) Lactoferrin: A general review. Haematologica. 3:252-267.

Li Y, Tan A, Vlassara T, Vlassara H. (1995) Antibacterial activity of lysozyme and lactoferrin is inhibited by binding of advanced glycation-modified proteins to a conserved motif. Nature Medicine. 1(10):1057-61.

Lonnerdal B, Lyer S. (1995) Lactoferrin: molecular structure and biological function. Annual Review of Nutrition. 15:93-110.

Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000). Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.

Masaaki I, and et al. (1999) Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 17:35-40.

Mikogami T. (1995) Effect of intracellular iron depletion by picolinic acid on expression of the lactoferrin receptor in the human colon carcinoma cell sub-clone HT29-18-C1. Biochemistry Journal. 308:391-397.

Petschow B, Talbott R, Batema R. (1999) Ability of lactoferrin to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in vitro is independent of receptor binding capacity and iron saturation level. Journal of Microbiology. 48:541-549.

Polla B. (1999) Therapy by taking away: The case of iron. Biochemical Pharmacology. 57:1345-1349.

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Saito H, Miyakawa H, Tamura Y, Shimamura S, Tomita M. (1991) Potent bactericidal activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate produced by heat treatment at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3724-3730.

Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.

Shin K, Yamauchi K, Teraguchi S, et al. (1998) Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin and its peptides against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 26:407-411.

Tinari, A, Pietrantoni, A, Ammendolia, MG, Valenti, P, Superti, F. (2005). Inhibitory activity of bovine lactoferrin against echovirus induced programmed cell death in vitro. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 25(5):433-8. Cells infected with echovirus 6 die as a result of apoptosis (programmed cell death). Lactoferrin inhibits this effect.

Thaler C, Labarrer C, Hunt J, McIntyre J, Faulk P. (1999) Unique epitopes of lactoferrin expressed in human cytotrophoblasts involved in immunologic reactions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):460-7.

Viani RM, Gutteberg TJ, Lathey JL, Spector SA. (1999) Lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro and exhibits synergy when combined with zidovudine. AIDS. 13:1273-4.

Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.

Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000). The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.

Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999). Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.

Tsuda, H, et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin. Mutation Research 462(2-3):227-233 (2000). In addition to the protection provided by lactoferrin against the development of cancers, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) also plays an inhibitory role on cancer development.

Tsuda, H, et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms-a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):131-136 (2002). Lactoferrin supplementation in experimental animal models of colon cancer show that it also suppresses phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A2, by cancer cells, while enhancing the activity of phase II enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase, both of which act to inhibit the development of these cancers. Lactoferrin also boosts local and systemic immunity, particularly the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in the intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood, which in turn stimulates the production of IL-18 and caspase-1 in intestinal epithelial cells and possibly the appearance of interferon-gamma (INF-g) positive cells. Bovine lactoferrin was also found to have anti-hepatitis C activity. Chronic hepatitis due to infection with hepatitis C virus is a major causative factor in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Vorland L, Ulvatne H, Andersen J, et al. (1999) Antibacterial effects of lactoferricin B. Scandinavian Journal of Infected Disease. 31:179-184.

Yamauchi K, Tomita M, Giehl TJ, Ellison RT. Antibacterial activity of lactoferrin and a pepsin-derived lactoferrin peptide fragment. Infection and Immunity. 61:719-728, (1993).

van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.

Ward, PP, et al. Lactoferrin and host defense. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):95-102 (2002). Lactoferrin is a prominent component of the first line of defense against infection and inflammation. It accomplishes its activity through a variety of methods, most notably iron sequestration and its effect on down-regulating TNF-a, which controls the inflammatory cascade.

Zagulski T, Jarzabek Z, Zagulska A, Zimecki M. (1998) The main systemic, highly effective mechanisms generated by lactoferrin in mammals in vitro. Advances in Lactoferrin Research. 443:247-50.

Zimecki, M, Spiegel, K, Wlaszczyk, A, Kubler, A, Kruzel, ML. (1999). Lactoferrin increases the output of neutrophil precursors and attenuates the spontaneous production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by peripheral blood cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis 47(2):113-118. Lactoferrin supplementation profoundly decreased the product of TNF-alpha and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokines) in blood cultures while causing a transient increase of immature neutrophils in the blood.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum and Lactoferrin

Bolke E, Jehle PM, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., Shock. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12. Related Articles, Links, Preoperative oral application of immunoglobulin-enriched colostrum milk and mediator response during abdominal surgery. Department of Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany.

Deitch, E. A. "The Role of Intestinal Barrier Failure and Bacterial Translocation in the Development of Systemic Infection and Multiple Organ Failure," Arch Surgery. 125:403-404,1990.

Galland, L. "Leaky Gut Syndrome: Breaking the Vicious Cycle" Townsend Letter for Doctors. 145(6):63-68, 1995.

Galland, L.; et al. "Intestinal Dysbiosis and the Causes of Disease" J Adv Med. 6:67-82, 1993.

Hollander, D. (1999) Intestinal permeability, leaky gut, and intestinal disorders. Current Gastroenterology Reports 1(5):410-416. Patients with Crohn’s disease have abnormally increased permeability in their gastrointestinal tract and has a direct correlation to the activity, extent, and distribution of the disease.

Kim, JW, Jeon, WK, Yun, JW, Park, DI, Cho, YK, Sung, IK, Sohn, CI, Kim, BI, Yeom, JS, Park, HS, Kim, EJ, Shin, MS. (2005) Protective effects of bovine colostrum on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced intestinal damage in rats. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 14(1):103-7. NSAIDs given to animals have much the same effect as they do in humans, namely, increased intestinal permeability, increased enteric bacteria levels, villous loss, and loss of enteric protein and albumin. Supplementation with bovine colostrum reduced the increase in intestinal permeability, the enteric bacteria overgrowth, the lose of proteins, and villous damage.

Jackson, P. G.; Lessof, M. H.; Baker, R. W. R.; Ferrett, Jean; MacDonald, D. M. "Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Eczema and Food Allergy" Lancet. 1(8233):1285-6, 1981.

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Purup, S, Vestergaard, M, Pedersen, O, Sejrsen, K. (2007) Biological activity of bovine milk on proliferation of human intestinal cells. Journal of Dairy Research 74(1):58-65. Bovine milk contains a number of biologically active components that affect growth development of human intestinal tissue. The degree of activity depended on the stage of lactation.

Prosser, C, et al. Reduction in heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability in rats by bovine colostrum and goat milk powders. Journal of Applied Physiology 96:650-654 (2004). Bovine colostrum healed "leaky gut" in an experimental rat model used heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Leaky Gut

Almada A. (1999) Eclipsing Echinacea.Nutrition Business Journal.

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Buchwald D. (1994) Comparison of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities. Archives of Internal Medicine. 154(18):2049-53.

Buescher E, Mcllheran S. (1988) Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research. 24(1):14-9.

Butler, J. E. Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions. Chapter Five. in: Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Academic Press. New York. 1974.

Butler, J.E. Immunoglobulins of the mammary secretions. Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatis. Vol. 3, Eds. B.L. Larson and V.R. Smith (New York: Academic Press, 1974), pp, 217-252).

Crago; Mestecky. "Immunoinhibitory Elements in Human Colostrum" Survey of Immunology Res. 2(2):164-169, 1983.

Chaumeil C, Liotet S, Kogbe O. (1994) Treatment of severe eye dryness and problematic eye lesions with enriched bovine colostrum lactoserum. Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 350:595-9.

Clark, Daniel G. and Wyatt, Kaye. Colostrum, Life¹s First Food. Salt Lake City:CNR Publications. 1996.

D'Adamo P. (1998) Larch arabinogalactan is a novel immune modulator. www.dadmo.com. da Camara, C. Glucosamine sulfate for osteoarthritis. Ann Pharmacotherapy. 32:580-587.

Davis, PF, Greenhill, NS, Rowan, AM, Schollum, LM. (2007) The safety of New Zealand bovine colostrum: nutritional and physiological evaluation in rats. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 45(2):229-36. Bovine colostrum supplemented at 3% and 10% of normal rat chow produced no observable toxicological or histopathological abnormalities.

Diehl H, and May E. (1994) Cetyl Myristooleate isolated from swiss albino mice: an apparent protective agent against adjuvant arthritis in rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 83(3):296-9.

Dillehay D, Webb S, Schmelz E, Merrill A. (1994) Dietary sphingomyelin inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in CF1 mice. Journal of Nutrition. 124(5):615-20.

Galland, L. The Four Pillars of Healing: How the New Integrated Medicine - the Best of Conventional and Altenative Approaches - Can Cure You. (New York: Random House, 1997), p. 192.

Gregory RL, Allansmith MR. (1987) Local immune responses in the ocular and oral secretory compartments of humans. Adv Exp Med Biol. 216B:1749-57.

Gorczyca W, Ugorski M, Nowacki W, Lisowski J. Mol Immunol. 1986 Sep;23(9):961-4. Related Articles, Links, Immunoglobulins of colostrum-VI. Comparative studies of cytophilic properties of bovine serum and colostral IgG.

Groziak, SM, Miller, GD. Natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum: effects on the arterial blood pressure system. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S119-S125 (2000). Consumption of milk and milk products can produce a significant decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

Goebel, A, et al. Human pooled immunoglobulin in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes. Pain Medicine 3(2):119-127 (2002). Intravenous treatment with pooled IgG from colostrum was shown to be of benefit to patients suffering chronic pain due to fibromyalgia, spinal pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), peripheral neuropathic pain, and atypical odontalgia or facial pain without serious side effects. All patients had failed to respond to established pain treatment protocols.

Goebel, A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia refractory to carbamazepine: a study protocol. BMC Neurology 3(1):1 (2003). Patients with resistant trigeminal neuralgia, which is characterized by severe pain that is unresponsive to traditional pain management, participated in a double-blind study using intravenous immunoglobulin treatment compared to placebo. While pain management did not follow simple dose-response rules, intravenous IgG treatment did produce results ranging from full remission of pain to no effect.

Gold B, Huesca M, Serman P, Lingwood C. (1993) Helicobacter mustelae and helicobacter pylori bind to common lipid receptors in vitro. Infection and Immunity 61:2632-2638.

Heaton P. (1990) Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 65:813-814.

Hakansson et al., Proceedings, Nat. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. 92, pp. 8064-8068, Aug. 1995.

Jensen, Bernard. Colostrum: Man¹s First Food, The White Gold Discovery. Escondido:Bernard Jensen, 1993.

Juhlin, L. and Vahlquist, C. The influence of treatment on fibrin microclot generation in psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology. 108:33-37, 1983.

Julius; Janusz; Lisowski, "A Colostral Protein (PRP) That Induces the Growth and Differentiation of Resting B Lymphocytes," J. of Immunology. 40:1366-71, 1988.

Korhonen, H, Pihlanto, A. (2007). Technological options for the production of health-promoting proteins and peptides derived from milk and colostrum. Current Pharmaceutical Design 13(8):829-43. Review of current and potential applications of colostrum and milk proteins for human nutrition and promotion of human health.

Litman B, Mitchell D. (1996) A role for phospholipid polyunsaturation in modulating membrane protein function. Lipids. Suppl:S193-7.

McKallip R. (1999) Tumor Gangliosides Inhibit the Tumor-Specific Immune Response. The Journal of Immunology. 163:3718-3726.

Melchart D, et al. (1998) Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind placebo controlled randomized trial. Archives of Family Medicine. 7:541-5.

Opekun AR, El-Zaimaity HMT, Osato MS, et al. (1999) Novel therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 13:35-41.

Patton S, Canfield L, Huston G., Ferris A, Jensen R. (1990) Carotenoids of human colostrum. Lipids. 25(3):159-65.

Rueda R, Maldonado J, Narbona E, Gil A. (1998) Neonatal Dietary Gangliosides. Early Human Development. 53 Suppl:S135-47.

Slebodzinski A. (1986) Perinatal Thyroid Activity in Farm Animals and the Role of Iodocompounds in Maternal Milk. Endocrinologia Experimentalis. 20:229-246.

Slebodzinski A. (1983) Serum thyroid hormone levels in colostrum deprived piglets and calves. Endocrinologia Experimentals. 17:263-270.

Staroscik, Krystyna; et al. "Immunologically Active Nonapeptide Fragment of a Proline-Rich Polypeptide from Bovine Colostrum: Amino Acid Sequence and Immuno-Regulatory Properties," Molecular Immunology. 20(12):1277-82, 1983.

Soslau G. (1982) The Loss of Sialic Acid and its Prevention in Stored Human Platelets. Thrombosis Research. 26:443-55.

Tyshenko, MG. (2007). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the safety of milk from Canadian dairy cattle. The Veterinary Record 160(7):215-8. The risk of contracting new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through the consumption of milk is negligible.

Vaughan E, Mollet B. (1999) Probiotics in the new millennium. Nahrung. 43:148-153.

Vetrugno, V. (2004) Safety of milk and milk derivatives in relation to BSE: the lactoferrin example. Biometals 17(3):353-6. Milk, colostrum and tissues of the bovine mammary gland are classified in the category of no detectable infectivity by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products of the European Commission and WHO. Milk and milk derivatives, such as lactoferrin and lactose, are unlikely to present any risk of infection with BSE or any other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.

Yu B, Kang C, Han J, Kim D. (1998) Can antioxidant supplementation slow the aging process? BioFactors. 7:93-101.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Immune modulation

Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001). Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only bovine colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in colostrum. The growth factors in colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in colostrum.

Crohn's Disease (auto-immune condition)

De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.

Feldmann, M, et al. Cytokines in autoimmune disorders. International Review of Immunology 17(1-4)217-228 (1998). Cytokines are important protein mediators of immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, fibrosis, and so forth, in other words, all the major biological processes which underlie autoimmune disorders. Modulating the effects of these cytokines, particularly TNF-a, can result in amelioration of the symptoms of the disorders.

Lupus (discoid and systemic)(auto-immune condition)

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, auto-immune conditions

Basten, A, McLeod, JG, Pollard, JD, Walsh, JC, Stewart, GJ, Garrick, R, Frith, JA, Van Der Brink, CM. Transfer factor in treatment of multiple sclerosis. The Lancet 2(8201):931-934 (1980).

Ebina, T., et al. “Treatment of multiple sclerosis with anti-measles cow colostrum.” Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1984;173(2):87-93.

Lamoureux, G, et al. Transfer Factor or Proline-rich Polyepetides from Bovine Colostrum: A clinical and immunological study of the effects of transfer factor on multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 1981 March; 43(3): 557–564. .

Kelly, G."Bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses" Altern Med Rev. 2003 Nov;8(4):378-94..

Webster. H.D. "Growth Factors and Myelin Regeneration in Multiple Sclerosis" Mult. Scler Apr. 3(2):113-120 1997.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Multiple Sclerosis

Cochran C, et al. (1998) Cetyl Myristoleate - A Unique Natural Compound Valuable in Arthritis Conditions. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients.

De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.

Feldmann M, Brennan F, Maini R. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annual Review of Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996.

Grohn, P.; Anttila ,R.; Krohn, K. The effect of non-specifically acting transfer factor component on cellular immunity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 5(3):151-157 (1976).

Hayashida, K, Kaneko, T, Takeuchi, T, Shimizu, H, Ando, K, Harada, E. (2004). Oral administration of lactoferrin inhibits inflammation and nociception in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66(2):149-54. Lactoferrin is an immunomodulator and has also been found to produce micro-opioid receptor-mediated analgesia. In an rat experimental arthritis model, bovine lactoferrin suppressed the development of the arthritis and lessened the pain (as determined by hyperalgesia of the infected paw). Lactoferrin also suppressed TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory) production and increased IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) production. Thus lactoferrin has both preventive and therapeutic effects on both the inflammation and pain associated with arthritis.

Hraba, T, Wieczorek, Z, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Zimecki, M. Effect of proline-rich polypeptide on experimental autoimmune response to erythrocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 34(4):437-443 (1986).

Jenkins, R. T.; et al. "Increased Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Side Effect of Oral Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Therapy," Br. J. Rheumatology. 26(2):10-37, 1987.

Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of bovine colostrum. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998). A colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results.

Op. cit., Fallanc, L., p. 192. Feldmann, M.; Brennan, F.; Maini, R. Role of Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Review in Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996.

Lawrence, HS. Transfer factor and autoimmune disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 124(1):56-60 (1965).

Sokal, I, Janusz, M, Miecznikowska, H, Kupryszewski, G, Lisowski, J. Effect of colostrinin, an immunomodulatory proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum, on sialidase and beta-galactosidase activities in murine thymocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 46(3):193-198 (1998).

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pedersen AM, Andersen TL, Reibel J, Holmstrup P, Nauntofte B. Clin Oral Investig. 2002 Mar;6(1):11-20. Related Articles, Links, Oral findings in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome and oral lichen planus-a preliminary study on the effects of bovine colostrum-containing oral hygiene products. Department of Oral Physiology, Anatomy, Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Sjogren Syndrome

Bibel, DJ, et al. Topical sphingolipids in antisepsis and antifungal therapy. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 20(5):395-400 (1995). The sphingolipids sphingosine and sphinganine, both of which are strongly inhibitory effects for both bacteria and fungi in the stratum corneum of the skin, were used as topical antiseptics against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, as a restorative antiseptic against expanded normal skin flora, and as therapy for Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes infections with very good results and low toxicity.

Imokawa, G, et al. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? Journal of Investigative Dermatitis 96(4):523-526 (1991). The lipids found in the stratum corneum, particularly the ceramides (metabolic products of sphingomyelin), are important in maintaining the water retention and permeability barrier functions of the skin. Skin diseases marked by a breakdown in these functions, such as atopic dermatitis, are characterized by decreased levels of ceramides in the stratum corneum. Ceramide levels also decrease with age. Thus it is concluded that ceramide insufficiency is a factor in dry skin conditions.

Bibel, DJ, et al. Sphingosines: antimicrobial barriers of the skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 73(6):407-411 (1993). One of the main functions of the skin is to prevent microbial infections. Skin lipids, particularly sphingosines, which are also derived from sphingomyelin, found in the stratum corneum of the skin are one of the ways the skin controls microbial survival on the skin. Sphingosines were found to have bactericidal, bacteriostatic or fungistatic effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Tricophyton mentagrophytes, Tricophyton tonsurans and Epidermatophyton floccosum, common microbes found on the skin.

Wieczorek, Z., et al. "Proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: its effect on skin permeability and on the immune response." Immunology, 1979;36(4):875-881.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Skin Health

Butler, J.E. "Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions" Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise, Eds. B.L. Larson and V.R. Smith Vol. 3 (pp217-252). Academic Press, New York, 1974.

Dr Nikki-Marie Welch. MD from Duke University and the John Hopkins University School of Medicine, reports that her patients generally thrive after taking colostrum: "their condition usually improves substantially, and they feel a greater sense of well-being along with enhanced energy and stamina"

Francis, G.L. et. al. "Insulin-like growth factors 1(IGF-1) and 2(IGF-2) in bovine colostrum" Biochemistry Journal Vol. 251 (pp95-103), 1988.

Klatz, R. and Kahn, C. Grow Young with hGH: The Amazing Medically Proven Plan to Lose Fat, Build Muscle, Reverse the Effects of Aging, Strengthen the Immune System, Improve Sexual Performance, Lower Blood Pressure and Cholesterol.(New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), p. 9.

Palmer, E.L. et. al. "Antiviral Activity of Colostrum and Serum Immunoglobulins A and G". Medical Virology, Vol. 5 (pp123-129), 1980.

Playford, RJ, et. al. "Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage" Gut Vol 44(5) (pp653-8), May1999

Rona, Zoltan, M.D. "Bovine Colostrum Immunity, and The Ageing Process" Nature's Impact, August 1998

Walker, M., Bovine Colostrum Offers Broad-Spectrum Benefits for Wide-Ranging Ailments.(Appendix 10, Institute of Colostrum Research).

Wilson, D.C. and James, N.D. "Immune System Breakthrough: Colostrum" Journal Of Longevity, Vol. 4 (p2), 1998.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum as a health food

Anderson, Ian, "Powdered Milk Cure for Fatal Diarrhoea" New Scientist. January:6 1994.

Berkhout, B, et al. Characterization of the anti-HIV effects of native lactoferrin and other milk proteins and protein-derived peptides. Antiviral Research 55(2):341-355 (2002). Bovine lactoferrin as well as peptides derived from lactoferrin blocks the entry process of HIV into cells.

Bogstedt, A.K.; et al. "Passive Immunity Against Diarrhea," Acta Paediatr 8:125-128, 1996.

Bishop, GA, Haxhinasto, SA, Stunz, LL, Hostager, BS. Antigen-specific B-lymphocyte activation. Critical Reviews in Immunology 23(3):159-197 (2003). B cells have the exclusive ability to produce and secrete immunoglobulins of various types. They also function in antigen presentation and the production of a number of cytokines and chemokines.

Boldogh, I, Liebenthal, D, Hughes, TK, Juelich, TL, Georgiades, JA, Kruzel, ML, Stanton, GJ. Modulation of 4HNE-mediated signaling by proline-rich peptides from ovine colostrum. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 20(2):125-134 (2003). PRP, also known as colostrinin, induces mitogenic stimulation as well as a variety of cytokines in peripheral leukocytes. It also possess antioxidant activity in pheochromocytoma (P12) cells, a cancer cell line used for in vitro studies. PRP was shown to reduce the amount of 4HNE-protein adducts, reduce intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, inhibit 4HNE-mediated glutathione depletion, and inhibit 4HNE-induced activation of the molecular signal cascade which results in the production of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in P12 cells. This shows that PRP acts as both an antioxidant and a molecular signaling device.

Claes-Henrik, F., Chinenye, S., Elfstrand L., Hagman, C., Ihse, I., ColoPlus, A new product based on bovine colostrum, alleviates HIV-associated diarrhea. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2006; 41: 682-686.

Effects of Oral Dietary Supplementation with Ai/E¹º® Upon Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activity in a Healthy Human Population. Quantum Research, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona (2001). Dialyzable Leukocyte Extract (DLE) was administered to 12 healthy male and female subjects aged 24-63. Natural Killer (NK) cell activity was prior to initiation of the study and after completion of the study. NK cell activity averaged 30 lytic units (LU) prior to the study and 101 LU following the study for an average increase of 207%. An Examination of Immune Response Modulation in Humans by Ai/E¹º® Utilizing A Double Blind Study. Immune Consultants, Inc., Tucson, Arizona (2001). 20 subjects, 10 men and 10 women, ranging in age from 32-61 participated in a double blind study in which 10 received DLE and the other 10 received placebo. 7 of the 10 receiving the DLE had a significant increase in three major immune markers: NK cell activity, TNF-a levels, and phagocytic index (PI), an indicator of macrophage activity. Those receiving placebo had mixed results.

Eggena, MP, Barugahare, B, Jones, N, Okello, M, Mutalya, S, Kityo, C, Mugyenyi, P, Cao, H. Depletion of regulatory T cells in HIV infection is associated with immune activation. Journal of Immunology 174(7):4407-4414 (2005). Immune activation during chronic HIV infection is a strong clinical predictor of death and may mediate helper CD4+ T cell depletion. Regulatory T cells actively down-regulate immune responses. In a study using 81 Ugandan volunteers, it was found that depletion of regulatory T cells occurs at different rates than other CD4+ T cells, resulting in an increased regulator to helper ratio in many patients with advanced disease. This skewing may contribute to T cell effector dysfunction.

Floren, CH, Chinenye, S, Elfstrand, L, Hagman, C, Ihse, I. ColoPlus, a new product based on bovine colostrum, alleviates HIV-associated diarrhea. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 41(6):682-686 (2006). HIV-associated diarrhea is common in AIDS patients in developing countries particularly. It is a major contributory factor in the decrease in the helper CD4+ T-cell population. ColoPlus is a product derived from bovine colostrum which is rich in immunoglobulins, growth factors, antibacterial peptides and nutrients. It is specially designed for slow passage through the gastrointestinal tract and high nutritional value. The study was undertaken to see if oral doses of ColoPlus could influence HIV-associated diarrhea. The study was done in Nigeria and included 30 patients with HIV-associated diarrhea. The patients were treated for 4 weeks in an open-labeled, non-randomized trial. Results of the study showed a marked reduction in stool evacuations per day from 7+-2.7 to 1.3+-0.5, a decrease in self-estimated fatigue of 81%, an increase in body weight of 7.3 kg per patient, and a 125% increase in CD4+ count.

Fernandez-Ortega, C, Dubed, M, Ruibal, O, Vilarrubia, OL, Menendez de San Pedro, JC, Navea, L, Ojeda, M, Arana, MJ. Inhibition of in vitro HIV infection by dialysable leucocyte extracts. Biotherapy 9(1-3):33-40 (1996). A PRP extract from leukocytes inhibits HIV infection in MT-4 cell cultures.

Greenberg PD, Cello JP. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996 Dec 1;13(4):348-54. Related Articles, Links, Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDS. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Clinical Nutrition, San Francisco General Hospital 94110, USA.

Heaton, P. Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Archives of Disease in Childhood 70(4):356-357 (1994).

Heinerman, John. Dr. Heinerman¹s Encyclopedia of Anti-Aging Remedies. Paramus:Prentice Hall, 1997; pp.85-86.

Harmsen, M. C.; Swart, P. J.; Bethune, M.; Pauwels, R.; De Clercq, E.; et al. "Antiviral Effects of Plasma and Milk Proteins: Lactoferrin Shows Potent Activity against Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Cytomegalovirus Replication In Vitro," Journal of Infectious Diseases. 172:380-8, 1995.

Janusz, M, Staroscik, K, Zimecki, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. A proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) with immunoregulatory properties isolated from ovine colostrum. Murine thymocytes have on their surface a receptor specific for PRP. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 34(4):427-436 (1986). PRP has immunoregulatory properties. It induces the maturation of thymocytes into mature helper or suppressor T cells.

Julius, MH, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140(5):1366-371 (1988). PRP induced resting B cells and supported their progression through the cell cycle to form mature B cells. It had the same action on splenocytes.

Khan, A. Non-specificity of transfer factor. Annals of Allergy 38(5):320-322 (1977).

Kubis, A, Marcinkowska, E, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J. Studies on the mechanism of action of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP): effect on the stage of cell differentiation. Peptides 26(11):2188-2192 (2005). PRP affects the differentiation and maturation of cells of the monocyte/ macrophage lineage and may regulate in this way the inflammatory processes in which these cells participate.

Nord; DiJohn; Tripori; Tacket. “Treatment with Bovine Hyperimmune Colostrum of Cryptosporidial Diarrhea in AIDS Patients” AIDS. 4(6):581-584, 1990.

Nowa; McMichael. "How HIV Defeats the Immune system" Scientific American. Aug:58-65, 1995.

Pizza, G, Chiodo, F, Colangeli, V, Gritti, F, Raise, E, Fudenberg, HH, De Vinci, C, Viza, D. Preliminary observations using HIV-specific transfer factor in AIDS. Biotherapy 9(1-3):4-47 (1996). 25 HIV infected patients at various stages (CDC stages II-IV) were treated with HIV-specific transfer factor (PRP) for periods of 60-1870 days. All patients were receiving antiviral treatment as well. Clinical improvement or a stabilized clinical condition was observed in 20 of the 25, and 12 of 14 anergic patients showed restored delayed hypersensitivity reactions to recall antigens within 60 days. Treatment was well-tolerated and appears beneficial to AIDS patients.

Palmer,E.L. et al. Antiviral Activity of Colostrum and Serum Immunoglobulins A and G. J. Med. Virol. 5:123-129. 1980.

Plettenberg, A, et al. A preparation from bovine colostrum in the treatment of HIV-positive patients with chronic diarrhea. Clinical Investigator 71(1):42-45 (1993). Another study which examined the use of immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum in the treatment of chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. 40% of the study group experienced complete remission of symptoms and 24% partial remission.

Raise, E, Guerra, L, Viza, D, Pizza, G, De Vinci, C, Schiattone, ML, Rocaccio, L, Cicognani, M, Gritti, F. Preliminary results in HIV-1-infected patients treated with transfer factor (TF) and zidovudine (ZDV). Biotherapy 9(1-3):49-54 (1996).

Richie, J.; “Update on the Management of Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis in AIDS” Ann.Pharmacother 28:767-778, 1994.

Rump, J. A.; Aarndt, R.; Arnold, A.; Bendick, C.; Dichtelmuller, H.; Franke, M.; Helm, E. B.; Jager, H.; Kampmann, B.; Kolb, P.; et al. “Treatment of Diarrhoea in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Immunoglobulins from Bovine Colostrum” Clin Investig. 70(7):588-594,(1992).

Stephan, W.; et al. "Antibodies from Colostrum in Oral Immunotherapy" J. Clinical Biochem. 28:19-23, 1990.

Shield, J, Melville, C, Novelli, V, Anderson, G, Scheimberg, I, Gibb, D, Milla, P. Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Archives of Disease in Childhood 69(4):451-453 (1993).

Shield J, Melville C, Novelli V, Anderson G, Scheimberg I, Gibb D, Milla P. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Oct;69(4):451-3. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS.Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, London.

Shi, M, Hao, S, Chan, T, Xiang, J. CD4+ T cells stimulate memory CD8+ T cell expansion via acquired pMHC I complexes and costimulatory molecules, and IL-2 secretion. Journal of Leukocyte Biology (2006). CD8+ memory T cell expansion following a second encounter with a pathogen is a hallmark of adaptive immunity. Antigen-specific CD4+ cells, activated by dendritic cells, stimulate the this expansion of CD8+ cells.

Unger, B. L. P.; et al. “Cessation of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in AIDS Patients After Treatment with Hyperimmune Bovine Colostrum” Gastroenterology. 98:486-489, 1990.

Wieczorek, Z, Zimecki, M, Spiegel, K, Lisowski, J, Janusz, M. Differentiation of T cells into helper cells from immature precursors: identification of a target cell for a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP). Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 37(3-4):313-322 (1989). The precursors of helper T cells belong to a minor thymocyte subset bearing the Thy-1 +/-, H-2+, L3T4-, lyt 2-, CD3- phenotype. PRP induced the production of antigens consistent with mature helper T cells

Zablocka, A, Janusz, M, Rybka, K, Wirkus-Romanowska, I, Kupryszewski, G, Lisowski, J. Cytokine-inducing activity of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum and its active nonapeptide fragment analogs. European Cytokine Network 12(3):462-467 (2001). PRP induces the production of INF-g, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-10 in human whole blood cultures.

Zimecki, M, Staroscik, K, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Wieczorek, Z. The inhibitory activity of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the immune response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 31(6):895-903 (1983). PRP administered to a test animal before immunization with PVP inhibits the immune response to this antigen. PRP did this by increasing the activity of suppressor T cells and by increasing the generation of new suppressor T cells.

Zimecki, M, Artym, J. [Therapeutic properties of proteins and peptides from colostrum and milk] Post?py Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalnej 59:309-323 (2005). Colostrum and milk are rich in peptides and proteins which play an active role in innate immunity. PRP has a variety of immunotropic functions, including the promotion of T cell maturation and inhibition of autoimmune disorders.

“Reducing viral levels in the body and stimulating natural immune capabilities holds the most promise in helping our immune systems contain the HIV virus,” according to Dr. Nowa and Dr. McMichael in Scientific American.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, HIV/AIDS

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Brussow, H, Hilpert, H, Walther, I, Sidoti, J, Mietens, C, Bachmann, P. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987).

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Davidson, G.P.; E.; Nunan, H.; Moore, A..G.; Whyte, P.B.D.; Franklin, K.; McCloud, P.L.; Moore, D.J. Passive Immunization of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet. 2:709-712, 1989.

Ebina, T, Sato, A, Umezu, K, Ishida, N, Ohyama, S, Ohizumi, A, Aikawa, K, Katagiri, S, Katsushima, N, Imai, A. Prevention of rotavirus infection by cow colostrum antibody against human rotaviruses. Lancet 2(8357):1029-1030 (1983).

Ebina, T, Ohta, M, Kanamaru, Y, Yamamoto-Osumi, Y, Baba, K. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38(2):117-123 (1992).

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Ferrer-Argote, VE, Romero-Cabello, R, Hernandez-Mendoza, L, Arista-Viveros, A, Rojo-Medina, J, Balseca-Olivera, F, Fierro, M, Gonzalez-Constandse, R. Successful treatment of severe complicated measles with non-specific transfer factor. In Vivo 8(4):555-557 (1994).

Farthing MJ., Treatment of gastrointestinal viruses., Novartis Found Symp. 2001;238:289-300; discussion 300-5. Related Articles, Links, Digestive Diseases Research Centre, St Bartholomew's & Royal London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK.

Hasegawa, K., et, al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology. 47(2):73-85, Apr 1994.

Hilpert, H, Brussow, H, Mietens, C, Sidoti, J, Lerner, L, Werchau, H. Use of bovine milk concentrate containing antibody to rotavirus to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. Journal of Infectious Disease 156(1):58-166 (1987).

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Immunoglobulin components and anti-viral activities in bovine colostrum. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1990 Mar;64(3):274-9.

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Kohl, S. et al., Human colostral cytotoxicity: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against herpes simplex infected cells mediated by colostral cells. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 1, pp. 221-224.

Meduri, R, Campos, E, Scorolli, L, De Vinci, C, Pizza, G, Viza, D. Efficacy of transfer factor in treating patients with recurrent ocular herpes infections. Biotherapy 9(1-3):61-66 (1996).

Mitra AK, Mahalanabis D, Ashraf H, Unicomb L, Eeckels R, Tzipori S. Acta Paediatr. 1995 Sep;84(9):996-1001. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhoea due to rotavirus: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka Bangladesh.

Mitra AK, Mahalanabis D, Ashraf H, Unicomb L, Eeckels R, Tzipori S. Acta Paediatr. 1995 Sep;84(9):996-1001. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhoea due to rotavirus: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka Bangladesh.

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Orzechowska, B, Blach-Olszewska, Z. Acquisition of susceptibility to vesicular stomatitis virus infection by murine resident peritoneal cells during culturing in vitro. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 44(5-6):325-328 (1996).

Orzechowska, B, Janusz, M, Domaraczenko, B, Blach-Olszewska, Z. Antiviral effect of proline-rich polypeptide in murine resident peritoneal cells. Acta Virologica 42(2):75-78 (1998).

Palmer,E.L. et al. Antiviral Activity of Colostrum and Serum Immunoglobulins A and G. J. Med. Virol. 5:123-129. 1980.

Petschow, BW, Talbott, RD. Reduction in virus-neutralizing activity of a bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate by gastric acid and digestive enzymes. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 19(2):228-235 (1994).

Pizza, G, Meduri, R, De Vinci, C, Scorolli, L, Viza, D. Transfer factor prevents relapses in herpes keratitis patients: a pilot study. Biotherapy 8(1):63-68 (1994).

Pizza, G, Viza, D, De Vinci, C, Palareti, A, Cuzzocrea, D, Fornarola, V, Baricordi, R. Orally administered HSV-specific transfer factor (TF) prevents genital or labial herpes relapses. Biotherapy 9(1-3):67-72 (1996).

Pizza, G, Amadori, M, Ablashi, D, De Vinci, C, Viza, D. (2006). Cell mediated immunity to meet the avian influenza A (H5N1) challenge. Medical Hypoteses 67(3):601-8. As no vaccine can be made ahead of time for a possible bird flu pandemic, cell mediated immunity via specific transfer factor (PRP) may be useful for both the prevention and treatment of infection.

Prasad, U, bin Jalaludin, MA, Rajadurai, P, Pizza, G, De Vinci, C, Viza, D, Levine, PH. Transfer factor with anti-EBV activity as an adjuvant therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pilot study. Biotherapy 9(1-3):109-115 (1996).

"Reducing viral levels in the body and stimulating natural immune capabilities holds the most promise in helping our immune systems contain the HIV virus," according to Dr. Nowa and Dr. McMichael in Scientific American.

Rump JA, Arndt R, Arnold A, Bendick C, Dichtelmuller H, Franke M, Helm EB, Jager H, Kampmann B, Kolb P, et al. Treatment of diarrhoea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum. Clin Investig. 1992 Jul;70(7):588-94.

Qiu, J, Hendrixson, DR, Baker, EN, Murphy,TF, St. Geme, JW, III, Plaut, AG. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 95(21):12641-12646 (1998).

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Sarker, SA, Casswall, TH, Mahalanabis, D, Alam, NH, Albert, MJ, Brussow, H, Fuchs, GJ, Hammerstrom, L. Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine colostrum. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 17(12):1149-1152 (1998).

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Sarker SA, Casswall TH, Mahalanabis D, Alam NH, Albert MJ, Brussow H, Fuchs GJ, Hammerstrom L.Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine colostrum. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1998 Dec;17(12):1149-54.

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Tzipori S, Roberton D, Chapman C. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Nov 15;293(6557):1276-7. Related Articles, Links, Remission of diarrhoea due to cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient child treated with hyperimmune bovine colostrum.

Theodore, Christine, et al "Immunologic Aspects of Colostrum and Milk: Development of Antibody Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bovine Serum Albumin in the Human and Rabbit Mammary Gland" Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunity (1982) (Raven Press), New York.

Tzipori S, Roberton D, Chapman C. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Nov 15;293(6557):1276-7. Related Articles, Links, Remission of diarrhoea due to cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient child treated with hyperimmune bovine colostrum.

Theodore, Christine, et al "Immunologic Aspects of Colostrum and Milk: Development of Antibody Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bovine Serum Albumin in the Human and Rabbit Mammary Gland" Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunity (1982) (Raven Press), New York.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Honnma H, Mukoyama A, Kitamura T. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1990 Mar;64(3):274-9. Related Articles, Links,[Immunoglobulin components and anti-viral activities in bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health, Japan.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Honnma H, Mukoyama A, Kitamura T. (1990) Immunoglobulin components and anti-viral activities in bovine colostrum. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1990 Mar;64:274-279.

van Hooijdonk AC, Kussendrager KD, Steijns JM., In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defence., Br J Nutr. 2000 Nov;84 Suppl 1:S127-34. Related Articles, Links,DMV International, R&D Center, PO Box 13, 5460 BA Veghel, The Netherlands.

Ylitalo S, Uhari M, Rasi S, Pudas J, Leppaluoto J. (1998) Rotaviral antibodies in the treatment of acute rotaviral gastroenteritis. Acta Paediatr. 87:264-267.

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Yolken, RH, et al. Antibody to human rotavirus in cow's milk. New England Journal of Medicine 312(10):605-610 (1985). Raw and pasteurized milk contain antibodies against rotavirus, an important cause of gastroenteritis and diarrhea in infants. However, infant formulas and other sterile milk preparations had little or no anti-rotaviral activity.

Zissis G, Lambert JP, Marbehant P, Marissens D, Lobmann M, Charlier P, Delem A, Zygraich N. J Infect Dis. 1983 Dec;148(6):1061-8. Related Articles, Links, Protection studies in colostrum-deprived piglets of a bovine rotavirus vaccine candidate using human rotavirus strains for challenge.

“Colostrum has a virus antibody that acts against viral invaders. A wide range of antiviral factors were acknowledged to be present in colostrum.” from a study at the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, published by Dr. E. L. Palmer, et al, in the Journal of Medical Virology.

"Colostrum contains Retinoic Acid, which helps fight herpes virus. It also contains glycoprotein (kappa casein) that protects against the bacteria that cause stomach ulcers." - Dr. Raloff in Science News.

"Colostrum contains non-specific inhibitors that inhibit a wide range of respiratory illness, notably influenza viruses. Colostrum is specifically cited for its unique effectiveness against potentially deadly outbreaks of Asian flu viruses that emerge from animal/human mutations." This was published by Dr. Shortridge, et al, in the Journal of Tropical Pediatrics.

"Immunoglobulin from bovine colostrum effectively reduces and prevents viral and bacterial infections in immune deficient subjects: bone marrow recipients, premature babies, AIDS, etc." according to the New England Journal of Medicine.

Tyrell, David, "Breast Feeding and Virus Infection The Immunity of Infant Feeding" (1980) Plenum Press, N.Y., 55-61.

"Only retinoic acids, found in colostrum, conferred protection and reduced colonization of the herpes virus. Although not a cure, retinoic acids effectively reduce the herpes virus to levels (1/100th to 1/10,000th) where the body's immune system could fight off an outbreak." Dr. Charles Isaacs, et al, wrote this in Science.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, viral infections

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For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, wound healing