Suivre des références aux papiers concernant l'efficacité du colostrum * :

LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. - M, et autres. (1996) comparaison des titres d'IgE aux immunoglobulines colostrales du bovin G et des fragments F(ab')2 en sérums des patients allergiques au lait. Allergie Interne Immunol De Voûte. 110 :156-162.

Savilahti E, VM De Tainio, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) bas IgA colostral s'est associé à l'allergie du lait de la vache. Balayage De Pediatr D'Acta. 80 :1207-1213.

Selo I, G clément, Bernard H, et autres. (1999) allergie à la B-lactoglobuline de bovin : spécificité d'IgE humain aux peptides tryptiques. Allergie clinique et expérimentale. 29 :1055-1063.

Delespesse, G. Facteurs de polypeptide de colostrum. Brevet #5,371,073 (1994) des USA. Des facteurs obligatoires d'IgE (l'immunoglobuline impliquée dans la réponse allergique) (IgE-bf) et activité du filtre d'IgE (IgE-SF) obtenue à partir du colostrum ont été avec succès employés pour traiter des allergies.

Collins, AM, et autres. Le lait de bovin, y compris le lait pasteurisé, contient des anticorps dirigés contre des allergènes d'importance clinique pour l'homme. Archives internationales de l'allergie et de l'immunologie appliquée 96 :362-367 (1991). La présence des anticorps contre plusieurs des allergies les plus communes chez l'homme, y compris le pollen d'ivraie, les acarides de la poussière de maison, le moule d'aspergille et le gluten de blé, ont été détectées en colostrum de bovin.

Elrod, kc, et autres. Lactoferrine, un inhibiteur efficace de tryptase, réponses supprimées de voie aérienne de tard-phase chez les moutons allergiques. Journal américain de la médecine critique respiratoire 156 de soin :375-381 (1997). Tryptase, une enzyme digestive, a été impliqué dans divers aspects d'asthme, y compris la bronchoconstriction et l'hyperréactivité de voie aérienne. La lactoferrine a été montrée pour empêcher l'activité de tryptase, de ce fait soulageant les symptômes de l'asthme.

Goldman, as, et autres. Propriétés de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory de lait humain. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5) :689-695 (1986). Les composants principaux de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory ont trouvé en lait humain (et colostrum de bovin) incluent anti-sémitisme-proteases, lactoferrine, lysozyme, IgA sécréteur, et un certain nombre d'antioxydants, y compris la cystéine, l'ascorbate, l'alpha-tocophérol et le bêta-carotène.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, Es. Le colostrum humain a l'activité de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory dans un modèle sous-cutané de poche d'air de rat de l'inflammation. Recherche Pédiatrique 34(2) :208-212 (1993). Dans les poches sous-cutanées employantes modèles d'un air d'animal d'expérience chez les rats, le colostrum a montré l'activité significative de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory.

Buescher, Es, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Les récepteurs solubles d'facteur-alpha de nécrose de tumeur (TNF-alpha) en colostrum et lait humains lient à l'TNF-alpha et neutralisent la bioactivité d'TNF-alpha. Recherche Pédiatrique 44(1) :37-42 (1998). La capacité du colostrum de moduler la réponse inflammatoire est unique. Une des manières desquelles elle fait ceci est par les protéines de récepteur de TNF-a, qui sont trouvées en colostrum. Ceux-ci lient à TNF-a, qui inactive le TNF-a. TNF-a est l'activateur de la cascade inflammatoire entière, ainsi en commandant son activité, le colostrum commande le degré de la réponse inflammatoire et peut la fermer au loin tout à fait.

"les études cliniques prouvent qu'igE trouvé en colostrum de bovin, peut être responsable de régler la réponse allergique," selon le jeu rouleau-tambour. Tortora, Funke et fonte en microbiologie.

Voûte Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999;47(6) :377-85.

Amaducci L. (1988) phosphatidylsérine dans le traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer : résultats d'une étude de multicentre. Bulletin De Psychopharmacologie. 24(1) :130-4.

Leszek J, ANNONCE D'Inglot, Janusz M, Lisowski J, Krukowska K, Georgiades JA. (1999) Colostrinin : un complexe Proline-Riche du polypeptide (PRP) d'isolement dans le colostrum ovin pour le traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Un Double - Étude Placebo-Commandée Sans visibilité. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 47(6) :377-85.

Leszek, J, et autres. Complexe proline-riche de polypeptide de Colostrinin® de colostrum ovin - une étude à long terme de son efficacité dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Moniteur Médical De la Science 8(10) :P193-P196 (2002). Dans une étude, un colostrinin amélioration produite ou une stabilisation à plus long terme dans les patients impliqués dans l'étude.

Amaducci, L, et autres. Utilisation de phosphatidylsérine dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Annales de l'académie de New York de la Science 640 :245-249 (1991). La supplémentation avec de la phosphatidylsérine, un des phospholipides a trouvé en Bio-lipide, produit également une amélioration des symptômes dans Alzheimer.

Escroc, TH, et autres. Effets de phosphatidylsérine dans l'affaiblissement âge-associé de mémoire. Neurologie 41(5) :644-649 (1991). Les patients présentant l'affaiblissement âge-associé de mémoire ont montré l'amélioration significative dans des essais de performance de mémoire avec la supplémentation de phosphatidylsérine sur une période de 12 semaines.

Escroc, T, et autres. Effets de phosphatidylsérine dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Bulletin De Psychopharmacologie 28(1) :61-66 (1992). Une autre étude qui a montré une amélioration dans les symptômes d'Alzheimer avec la supplémentation de phosphatidylsérine plus de 12 semaines. Moins l'affaiblissement, plus l'amélioration est grande, suggérant que plus la supplémentation de phosphatidylsérine est commencée au cours de la maladie tôt, plus les résultats soient meilleurs.

Croix, CE, et autres. Radicaux de l'oxygène et maladie humaine. Annales de la médecine interne 107(4) :526-545 (1987). Les radicaux libres de l'oxygène, les sous-produits du métabolisme normal, ont été impliqués dans des processus de la maladie s'étendant de la carcinogenèse au vieillissement, soulignant l'importance des antioxydants en combattant ces conditions.

Ames, BN, et autres. Oxydants, antioxydants, et les maladies dégénératives du vieillissement. Démarches de la National Academy of Sciences Etats-Unis 90(17) :7915-7922 (1993). Les sous-produits d'oxydant du métabolisme endommagent significatif l'ADN, les protéines et les lipides. Ces dommages ont comme conséquence le vieillissement et les maladies dégénératives liées au vieillissement, tel que le cancer, à la maladie cardiovasculaire, au déclin de système immunitaire, au dysfonctionnement de cerveau et aux cataractes. Les défenses antioxydantes contre ces maladies diminuent avec l'âge, rendant nécessaire la supplémentation des antioxydants dans le régime.

Ballard et. Al. "effets des agents anaboliques sur la panne de protéine."Biochimie J, 1983;210 :243-249 :

Gil, A. et Sanchez-medina, F. "nucléotides solubles acides du lait de la vache, de la chèvre et du mouton à différentes étapes de lactation."journal de la recherche de laiterie, 1981;48 :35-44.

Ullman, et autres. "effets d'hormone de croissance sur la régénération de muscle et la concentration IgF-1 chez de vieux rats."Acta Physiol Scand, 1990;140 :521-525.

Xian, C.J., et autres. la "dégradation d'IGF-1 dans l'appareil gastro-intestinal de rat d'adulte est limitée par un antisérum spécifique ou la caséine diététique de protéine."journal de l'endocrinologie, 1995;146 :215-225.

Holbrook, N.J. Et Ikeyama, S. "déclin relatif à l'âge en réponse cellulaire à l'effort oxydant : liens au facteur de croissance signalant des voies avec des défauts communs."Biochimie Pharmacol, 2002;64(5-6) :999-1005.

Playford, R.J., et autres. l'"Co-administration du supplément, colostrum de bovin, réduit l'augmentation drogue-induite par anti-sémitisme-inflammatory nonsteroidal aiguë de la perméabilité intestinale."Clin Sci (Lond), 2001;100(6) :627-633.

Institut de chimie et de biochimie, streptocoque de Hellbrunner. 34. 5020 Salzbourg, Autriche. Univ.- prof.. DR. Albert Duschl.

Elrod, kc, et autres. Lactoferrine, un inhibiteur efficace de tryptase, réponses supprimées de voie aérienne de tard-phase chez les moutons allergiques. Journal américain de la médecine critique respiratoire 156 de soin :375-381 (1997). Tryptase, une enzyme digestive, a été impliqué dans divers aspects d'asthme, y compris la bronchoconstriction et l'hyperréactivité de voie aérienne. La lactoferrine a été montrée pour empêcher l'activité de tryptase, de ce fait soulageant les symptômes de l'asthme.

les "glycoprotéines en colostrum de bovin empêchent l'attachement des bactéries de pylores de Helicobacter qui causent des ulcères d'estomac. Le colostrum contient des quantités significatives d'interleukin-10, un agent inhibiteur d'inflammation forte a trouvé significatif en réduisant l'inflammation dans les joints arthritiques et les secteurs de dommages, "ont écrit le DR. Olle Hernell, de l'université d'Ulmea, Suède, en magazine de la Science.

anti-sémitisme-microbial (Moldoveanu, Zina, et autres, "propriétés antibactériennes de lait ; Annales d'interactions de Peroxydase-Lactoferrine d'IgA _ "de N.Y. Académie de la Science, (1983) vol.. 409. 848-850.

Kim, K. et autres, "activité neutralisante in vitro et in vivo de colostrum et de lait humains contre les toxines purifiées A et B journal de clostridium de Difficle" de Diseases infectieux (1984) vol.. 150 (1) 57-61.

Wada, N., et autres, "activité neutralisante contre des toxines de Difficile de clostridium dans le surnageant des cellules colostrales cultivées" Infectioius Immunology (1980) vol.. 29. 545-550).

McConnell, M.A.; Ruisseaux, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M.B.; Buchan, G. Une étude comparative d'immunoglobuline se sent et d'activité de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory en quatre produits laitiers. Journal de la Science de laiterie. Publication prochaine.

Borody, TJ, et autres. Vision de tunnel dans les entrailles. Centre pour les maladies digestives (2001). Examen de syndrome irritable d'entrailles, y compris des colites ulcerative et la maladie de Crohn, et son étiologie, y compris les agents contagieux tels que Shigella et campylobactérie. Il est difficile traiter des infections de l'intestin parce qu'aucune thérapie antimicrobienne n'est disponible que soit efficace contre des spores de clostridium. Seulement le colostrum de bovin a prouvé l'efficacité clinique en supprimant les microbes pathogènes intestinaux, tels que le rotavirus, et peut aider à commander les infections vues dans des troubles chroniques tels que le syndrome irritable d'entrailles dû au nombre de composants biologiquement actifs en colostrum. Les facteurs de croissance dans l'aide de colostrum guérissent des érosions et des ulcérations intestinales. Il également contient des facteurs de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory et est les riches nutritifs. Le colostrum peut être employé seul ou en combination avec d'autres anti-sémitisme-inflammatory et/ou substances immunisées. La future recherche devrait se concentrer sur identifier des stratégies, des systèmes de la livraison de roman et l'identification immunisés des bioactives en colostrum.

Playford, RJ, et autres. Le colostrum de bovin est un supplément qui empêche des dommages d'intestin induits par NSAID. Intestin 44 :653-658 (1999). Bien que les drogues non-stéroïdales de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory (NSAIDs) soient très efficaces en commandant la douleur commune dans l'arthrite, leur utilisation endommage également significatif, et parfois mortel, gastro-intestinal. La supplémentation avec le colostrum, cependant, a réduit et a guéri de manière significative des dommages provoqués par NSAIDs.

Playford, RJ, et autres. l'Co-administration du supplément, colostrum de bovin, réduit l'augmentation drogue-induite par anti-sémitisme-inflammatory non-stéroïdale aiguë de la perméabilité intestinale. La Science Clinique 100 :627-633 (2001). Une autre étude par Dr. Playford sur la capacité du colostrum d'empêcher des dommages dus à l'utilisation de NSAID. Cette étude a prouvé que le colostrum empêche également une augmentation de la perméabilité gastro-intestinale due à l'utilisation de NSAID, tandis que seule l'utilisation de NSAID sans colostrum cause une augmentation de perméabilité.

Goldman, as, et autres. Propriétés de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory de lait humain. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5) :689-695 (1986). Les composants principaux de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory ont trouvé en lait humain (et colostrum de bovin) incluent anti-sémitisme-proteases, lactoferrine, lysozyme, IgA sécréteur, et un certain nombre d'antioxydants, y compris la cystéine, l'ascorbate, l'alpha-tocophérol et le bêta-carotène.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, Es. Le colostrum humain a l'activité de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory dans un modèle sous-cutané de poche d'air de rat de l'inflammation. Recherche Pédiatrique 34(2) :208-212 (1993). Dans les poches sous-cutanées employantes modèles d'un air d'animal d'expérience chez les rats, le colostrum a montré l'activité significative de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory.

Buescher, Es, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Les récepteurs solubles d'facteur-alpha de nécrose de tumeur (TNF-alpha) en colostrum et lait humains lient à l'TNF-alpha et neutralisent la bioactivité d'TNF-alpha. Recherche Pédiatrique 44(1) :37-42 (1998). La capacité du colostrum de moduler la réponse inflammatoire est unique. Une des manières desquelles elle fait ceci est par les protéines de récepteur de TNF-a, qui sont trouvées en colostrum. Ceux-ci lient à TNF-a, qui inactive le TNF-a. TNF-a est l'activateur de la cascade inflammatoire entière, ainsi en commandant son activité, le colostrum commande le degré de la réponse inflammatoire et peut la fermer au loin tout à fait.

Britigan, SOIT, et autres. Le rôle de la lactoferrine comme molécule de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory. Avances dans la médecine et la biologie expérimentales 357 :143-156 (1994). Tandis que le rôle de la lactoferrine en fournissant l'immunité non spécifique est bien documenté, il joue également un rôle dans la réponse de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory par son effet antioxydant.

Conneely, OM. Activités de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory de lactoferrine. Journal de l'université américaine de la nutrition 20(Suppl. 5) :389S-395S (2001). La lactoferrine empêche la production inflammatoire cutanée de cytokine et agit en tant que protéine efficace de anti-sémitisme-inflammatory aux emplacements locaux de l'inflammation, y compris les appareils gastro-intestinaux respiratoires et.

Shigenaga, Mk, et autres. Dommages oxydants et affaiblissement mitochondrique dans le vieillissement. Démarches de la National Academy of Sciences Etats-Unis 91(23) :10771-10778 (1994). La source principale de dommages oxydants sont des oxydants produits par des mitochondries dans les cellules du corps. La fonction mitochondrique diminue avec l'âge, y compris la fluidité diminuée de membrane, fuite de proton à travers la membrane mitochondrique intérieure, et diminue des niveaux de cardiolipin, un lipide important qui soutient le fonctionnement des protéines dans la membrane mitochondrique intérieure.

Kurz, DJ, et autres. L'effort oxydant chronique compromet l'intégrité de telomere et accélère le début de la sénescence en cellules endothéliales humaines. Journal de la Science 117 de cellules :2417-2426 (2004). L'effort oxydant dû à l'habillage des sous-produits d'oxydation a été lié au début de la sénescence de cellules en cellules rayantes de vaisseau sanguin par intégrité de perturbation de telomere. Telomeres sont "coupe la queue" des chromosomes, dont la longueur déterminent le nombre de divisions de cellules que une cellule peut subir avant d'atteindre sa limite. Le glutathion, un antioxydant normal puissant, est crucial dans l'intégrité de maintien de telomere.

Borissenko, M. Glutathion : Un anti-sémitisme-oxidant puissant trouvé en colostrum. NZMP Août 2002. Le glutathion et ses prédécesseurs chimiques sont présents en grande quantité en colostrum. Car le glutathion n'est pas absorbé directement, la production de glutathion dans le corps peut seulement être accomplie par la supplémentation avec ses antécédents, cystine, glycine et acide glutamique, qui sont abondants en colostrum.

Buescher, Es, McIlheran, SM. Propriétés antioxydantes de colostrum humain. Recherche Pédiatrique 24(1) :14-19 (1988). Le colostrum réduit le ferricytochrome C dans les leucocytes polymorphonucléaires (PMNs) et perturbe également d'autres activités métaboliques et enzymatiques de PMNs qui sont cruciales dans la médiation respiratoire d'éclat de PMN de l'inflammation aiguë, prouvant que le colostrum est un antioxydant puissant.

Buescher, Es, McIlheran, SM. Antioxydants colostrals : séparation et caractérisation de deux activités en colostrum humain. Journal de la gastroentérologie et de la nutrition pédiatriques 14(1) :47-56 (1992). Le colostrum interfère la production des produits respiratoires d'éclat de PMN en deux manières, ascorbate et acide urique.

Boldogh, I, et autres. Modulation de 4HNE-mediated signalant par les peptides proline-riches du colostrum ovin. Journal de la neurologie moléculaire 20(2) :125-134 (2003). Colostrinin vers le bas règle la peroxydation de lipide, empêche l'épuisement de glutathion et réduit les niveaux intracellulaires des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS). C'est une plus de manière que le colostrum démontre l'activité antioxydante.

Wakabayashi, H, et autres. Inhibition de peroxydation de lipide d'iron/ascorbate-induced par un peptide de N-borne de lactoferrine de bovin et de ses dérivés acylés. Biosciences, Biotechnologie, Biochimie 63(5) :955-957 (1999). La lactoferrine joue également un rôle antioxydant important en colostrum en empêchant la peroxydation de lipide.

Satue-Gracia, la TA, et autres. Lactoferrine dans des formules infantiles : effet sur l'oxydation. Journal de l'agriculture et de la chimie alimentaire 48(10) :4984-4990 (2000). Les formules infantiles commercialement modifiées basées sur le lait de la vache ont de manière significative moins de lactoferrine que le lait entier, et les formules de soja n'en contiennent aucun, quoique la lactoferrine agisse en tant que protéine de transporteur de fer. Ajouter la lactoferrine aux formules infantiles a comme conséquence l'avantage duel de l'absorption accrue de fer et agit en tant qu'antioxydant et antimicrobien pour prolonger la durée de conservation des formules.

Berk LS, C.C de Nieman, W de Youngberg, et autres. (1989) l'effet de la longue résistance fonctionnant sur les cellules tueuses naturelles dans les marathoners. Médecine et la Science dans les sports et l'exercice. 22 :207-212.

Buckley JD, et autres. Effet d'un supplément oral de colostrum de bovin intact sur l'exécution courante.Abstrait de : conférence de 1998 Australiens de la Science et de médecine dans le sport, Adelaïde, Australie Du sud, octobre 1998.

Étouffez E. (1996) colostrum comme renforceur et aide sportifs pour le SIDA. Nouvelles De la Science De Nutrition.

Clark J. (1996) utilisations de phosphate de créatine et de supplémentation de créatine pour l'athlète. Perspective scientifique et clinique.

Mero A, et autres. (1997) effets de la supplémentation de colostrum de bovin sur le sérum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, et salive IgA pendant la formation. Journal de la physiologie appliquée. 83 :1144-1151.

PB De Sparling, C.C De Nieman, O'Connor PJ. (1993) aspects scientifiques choisis de l'emballage de marathon : une mise à jour sur le remplacement liquide, la fonction immunisée, les facteurs psychologiques et la différence de genre. Médecine De Sports. 15 :116-132.

Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, PA De Verstappen., Sport Interne Nutr Exerc Metab De J. 2002 Dec;12(4) :461-9. Articles relatifs, l'effet de la supplémentation de colostrum de bovin sur l'exécution d'exercice dans des joueurs d'hockey de champ d'élite. Recherche De Numico, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, Les Pays Bas.

Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, PA De Maréchal. Med Sci Fôlatre Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7) :1184-8. Articles relatifs, liens, effets de dose de colostrum oral de bovin sur la capacité de travail physique dans les cyclistes. École des études humaines de mouvement, université du Queensland, rue Lucia, Australie.

Mero, A.; Miikkulainen, H, ; Riski, J, ; Pakknen, R, ; Aalto, J, ; Takala, T. Effets de la supplémentation de colostrum de bovin sur le sérum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, et salive IgA pendant la formation. Journal d'appliqué, physiologie. 83(4) :1144-1151, avril 1997.

J Buckley *, M Abbott, S Martin, G Brinkworth et P Whyte, abstrait de : conférence de 1998 Australiens de la Science et de médecine dans le sport, Adelaïde, Australie Du sud, octobre 1998. Effet d'un supplément oral de colostrum de bovin (TM intact) sur l'exécution courante. Centre pour la recherche dans l'éducation et la Science de sports, université de l'Australie Du sud.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Département. de la pédiatrie, des sciences université de santé de l'Orégon, de Portland, OU, les mécanismes par lesquels l'hormone de croissance provoque la croissance. Les contributions relatives de l'hormone de croissance et insuline-comme des facteurs de croissance. Nord AM D'Endocrinol Metab Clin 1996 Sept ; (3) :615-31.

Liu JL, LeRoith D, la branche clinique d'endocrinologie, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insuline-comme le facteur I de croissance est essentiel pour la croissance postnatale en réponse à l'hormone de croissance. Endocrinologie 1999 Nov. ; 140(11) :5178-84.

Maître d'hôtel aa, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas M, Okubo Y, LeRoith D, branche de diabète, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insuline-comme le transduction de signal de récepteur de facteur-Je de croissance : à l'interface entre la physiologie et la biologie de cellules.Page 3, Mole De Biol De Biochimie De Biochimie Physiol B D'Élém. 1998 Sept ; 121(1) :19-26.

Hwa V, OH Y, Rosenfeld RG, Département. de la pédiatrie, des sciences université de santé de l'Orégon, de Portland, OU, insuline-comme le superfamily obligatoire de la protéine de facteur de croissance (IGFBP). DEC 1999 De Rév. D'Endocr ; 20(6) :761-87.

Buckley, J., et autres. "la supplémentation orale avec le colostrum de bovin augmente l'exécution verticale de saut."a présenté au 4ème congrès annuel de l'université européenne de la Science de sports, Rome 14-17 juillet, 1999.

Mero, A., et autres. "effets de la supplémentation de colostrum de bovin sur le sérum IGF-I, IgG, hormone, et salive IgA pendant la formation."J APPL Physiol, 1997;83(4) :144-1151.

Wu, A.H. Et Perryman, M.B. "applications cliniques des enzymes et des protéines de muscle."Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4(6) :815-820.

Antonio, J, et autres. Les effets de la supplémentation de colostrum de bovin sur la composition en corps et l'exécution d'exercice chez les hommes et les femmes actifs. Nutrition 17(3) :243-247 (2001). Activement s'exerçant des athlètes masculins et féminins ont été donnés la supplémentation ou le placebo de colostrum pendant une période de 8 semaines. Les sujets recevant le colostrum mais pas le placebo ont montré une augmentation de la masse maigre de corps.

Brinkworth, GD, et autres. Effet de la supplémentation de colostrum de bovin sur la composition des membres qualifiés et non formés de résistance chez de jeunes hommes en bonne santé. Journal européen de la physiologie appliquée 9(11) :53-60 (2004). Le colostrum de bovin ou la protéine de petit lait ont été donnés aux jeunes hommes qui étaient dans la formation ou pas dans la formation. Ceux dans le groupe de formation qui a reçu le colostrum ont montré une augmentation sensiblement plus grande de circonférence supérieure de bras et de section comparées à ceux recevant le petit lait, alors que ceux qui n'étaient pas dans la formation ne montraient aucun changement.

Buckley, JD, et autres. Effet de colostrum de bovin sur l'exécution anaérobie d'exercice et de plasma insuline-comme le facteur I de croissance. Journal de la Science de sports 21(7) :577-588 (2003). Des athlètes dans la formation ont été donnés le colostrum ou le placebo de bovin pendant 8 semaines. Ceux recevant le colostrum ont montré une augmentation significative de puissance anaérobie maximale au-dessus de placebo.

Coombes, JS, et autres. Dosez les effets du colostrum oral de bovin sur la capacité de travail physique dans les cyclistes. Médecine et la Science dans les sports et l'exercice 34(7) :1184-1188 (2002). Les études de dosage faites sur des cyclistes de formation ont montré une petite mais significative amélioration dans des épreuves de temps aux doses de 20 g ou de 60 g/day.

Hofman, Z, et autres. L'effet de la supplémentation de colostrum de bovin sur l'exécution d'exercice dans des joueurs d'hockey de champ d'élite. Journal international de la nutrition de sports et du métabolisme d'exercice 12(4) :461-469 (2002). La supplémentation de colostrum dans des joueurs d'hockey de champ d'élite, mâle et femelle, a eu comme conséquence l'exécution améliorée de Sprint au-dessus du placebo.

Nieman, C.C, et autres. Le complément et l'immunoglobuline nivelle dans les athlètes et les commandes sédentaires. Journal international de la médecine de sports 10(2) :124-128 (1989). Les niveaux de sang des compléments C3 et C4 mais pas des immunoglobulines ont diminué pendant des périodes du repos, de l'exercice maximal évalué et du rétablissement dans des coureurs de marathon.

Nieman, C.C, et autres. Les effets de la long-résistance fonctionnant sur des paramètres de système immunitaire et le lymphocyte fonctionnent dans des marathoners expérimentés. Journal international de la médecine de sports 10(5) :317-323 (1989). Les coureurs de marathon éprouvent une rupture de fonction immunisée normale après avoir couru de longues distances, une condition qui revient aux niveaux normaux suivant 21 heures de rétablissement.

Berk, LS, et autres. L'effet de la longue résistance fonctionnant sur les cellules tueuses naturelles dans les marathoners. Médecine et la Science dans les sports et l'exercice 22(2) :207-212 (1990). Une diminution significative des populations de cellule tueuse naturelle ont été vues dans des coureurs de marathon suivant trois heures d'exercice maximal avec le plein rétablissement des niveaux d'pré-exercice par 21 heures. Ceci s'est corrélé avec des augmentations des niveaux de cortisol pendant l'exercice.

Sparling, PB, et autres. Aspects scientifiques choisis de l'emballage de marathon. Une mise à jour sur le remplacement liquide, la fonction immunisée, les facteurs psychologiques et la différence de genre. Médecine De Sports 15(2) :116-132 (1993). Les changements négatifs au système immunitaire pendant le fonctionnement de longue distance augmentent les chances des infections respiratoires supérieures dans ces athlètes pendant une période suivant l'exercice. La nutrition appropriée, à repos et à approprié proportionnés récupèrent entre les séances d'entraînement comme d'autres mesures peuvent diminuer le risque.

Étouffez, HEU. Colostrum comme renforceur et aide sportifs pour le SIDA. Les Nouvelles De la Science De Nutrition Peuvent, 1996. Tandis que l'intestin perméable est une préoccupation de chacun, il est particulièrement ainsi pour les athlètes qui doivent utiliser tous les aliments qu'ils prennent dedans et empêchent l'infection quand leurs systèmes immunitaires sont altérés après exercice. Beaucoup d'athlètes souffrent le syndrome irritable d'entrailles en raison de la digestion inachevée des suppléments de protéine. Le rôle de colostrum-dérivé insuline-comme la croissance factor-1 (IGF-1), le facteur épidermique de croissance (EGF), le facteur plaquette-dérivé de croissance (PDGF) et la croissance de transformation facteur-bêta (TGF-solides solubles) de l'intestin perméable curatif sont explorés.

Buckley, JD, et autres. La supplémentation de colostrum de bovin pendant la formation courante de résistance améliore le rétablissement, mais pas l'exécution. Journal de la Science et de médecine dans le sport 5(2) :65-79 (2002). Tandis que la supplémentation avec le colostrum de bovin n'augmente pas des niveaux d'IGF-1 dans le sang ou l'exécution initiale, l'exécution dans un deuxième rond d'exercice s'améliore de manière significative.

Escrocs, C, et autres. La supplémentation de colostrum de bovin augmente des niveaux de s-IGA dans des coureurs de distance : une étude basée sur des athlètes dans la formation pour le marathon 2002 de Rotorua. Recherche non publiée. Des coureurs de marathon dans la formation ont été donnés le colostrum ou le placebo de bovin pendant 12 semaines dans une double étude sans visibilité. Ceux dans le groupe de colostrum ont montré sensiblement plus d'IgA sécréteur (s-IgA) en leur salive que le groupe de placebo ou des commandes sédentaires. Le groupe de colostrum a également rapporté un taux sensiblement inférieur des infections respiratoires supérieures (URI) pendant cette période.

Kasemkijwattana, C, et autres. Utilisation des facteurs de croissance d'améliorer le muscle curatif après des dommages de contrainte. Orthopédie clinique 370 :272-285 (2000). Les dommages de muscle, tels que des contraintes, sont communs dans les athlètes. L'utilisation des facteurs de croissance, tels qu'igf-1, en traitant de tels dommages est explorée.

Molloy, T, et autres. Les rôles des facteurs de croissance dans le tendon et le ligament curatif. Médecine De Sports 33(5) :381-394 (2003). Les rôles de cinq facteurs différents de croissance, d'IGF-1, de TGF-solides solubles, de facteur endothélial vasculaire de croissance (VEGF), de facteur plaquette-dérivé de croissance (PDGF) et de facteur de base de croissance de fibroblaste (bFGF), dans des dommages curatifs de tendon et de ligament est explorés. Chacun joue un rôle différent mais essentiel dans le processus.

Sato, K, et autres. Amélioration de muscle curatif par le perfectionnement de la régénération de muscle et la prévention de la fibrose. Muscle Et Nerf 28(3) :355-372 (2003). IGF-1 peut améliorer la régénération de muscle dans le muscle blessé.

Liang, L, et autres. [ effet des cytokines sur la réparation des dommages de tendon ] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi 14(5) (chinois) :283-285 (2000). Cytokines, tel que les facteurs de croissance, bidon accélèrent la réparation de tendon.

Mero, A, et autres. Réponses d'IGF-I, d'IgA, et d'IgG à la supplémentation de colostrum de bovin pendant la formation. Journal de la physiologie appliquée 93(2) :732-739 (2002). La supplémentation de colostrum augmente des niveaux d'IGF-1 et d'IgA dans des athlètes de formation, mais l'IGF-1 dans le colostrum n'est pas absorbé intact.

Kuipers, H, et autres. Les effets de la supplémentation orale de colostrum de bovin sur le sérum insuline-comme le facteur-Je de croissance nivelle. Nutrition 18(7-8) :165-172 (2002). Une étude pour le Comité olympique international n'a montré aucune augmentation des niveaux IGF-1 ou IGF-bp3 de sang après temps de 4 semaines.

Zimecki, M, et autres. Effet d'un polypeptide proline-riche (PRP) sur le développement de l'anémie hémolytique et la survie des souris du noir de la Nouvelle Zélande (NZB). Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6) :461-467 (1991). Colostrinin (PRP) a augmenté la survie chez les souris susceptibles de l'anémie hémolytique, une maladie autoimmune. On le présume le colostrinin induit les cellules de filtre qui ralentissent le développement de la maladie. Ceci suggère que le colostrinin puisse avoir la valeur thérapeutique dans les maladies autoimmunes de traitement.

Maître d'hôtel, J. E. Immunoglobulines des sécrétions mammaires. Chapitre Cinq. dans : Lactation : Un Traité Complet. Vol.. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson et V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Pression d'universitaire. New York. 1974.

Christopher-Hennings, J., et autres., lmmunocompromise chez les porcs gnotobiotiques induits par Escherichia coli verotoxin-producteur (Olll :Nm). Infectez. Immun. 1993. 61 : p. 2304-2308.

Doyle, P. S. Les anticorps de anti-sémitisme-cryptosporiduim empêchent l'infectiosité in vitro et dans 9 vivo. Infection et immunité 61(10) :4079-4084. Oct.. 1993.

Ho, P.C., et Lawton, J.W.M. Cellules colostrales humaines : Phagocytose et massacre de E. Coli et C. Albicans. Le journal de la pédiatrie. Vol.. 93. Non. 6. pp. 910-915.

Kim, K., et autres., in vitro et activité neutralisante in vivo de colostrum et de lait humains contre les toxines purifiées A et B du clostridium difficile. T. Infectez. Dis. 1985. 150 : p. 57-61.

Majumdar, A. S., et autres., propriétés protectrices des anticorps de anti-sémitisme-cholera en colostrum humain. Infectez. Immun. 1982. 36 :p. 962965.

McClead, R., et autres., résistance de toxine IgG du bovin anti-sémitisme-cholera à la protéolyse in vitro et in vivo. Pedia. Recherche. 1982.6 : p. 227-231.

Morris, J. A., et autres., protection passive des agneaux contre Escherichia coli entéropathogénique : Rôle des anticorps en sérum et colostrum. T. Med. Microbiologie.1980. 13 : p. 265-271.

Spik, G., et autres., bacteriostasis d'une contrainte lait-sensible de E. les immunoglobulines de coli et les protéines fer-liantes se sont associées au colostrum. Immunologie. 1981. 35 : p. 663-670.

Wada, N., et autres., activité neutralisante contre les toxines difficile de clostridium dans les supernatants des cellules colostrales cultivées. Infectez. Immun.. 1980.29 : p. 545-550.

Watzl, B., et autres., perfectionnement de résistance au parvum de Cryptosporidium par le colostrum mis en commun de bovin pendant l'infection retroviral murine. AM. T. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993. 48(4) : p. 519-523.

Funatogawa K, Ide T, Kirikae F, Saruta K, Nakano M, Kirikae T. Microbiologie Immunol. 2002;46(11) :761-6. Les articles relatifs, les liens, utilisation d'immunoglobuline ont enrichi le colostrum de bovin contre le défi oral avec Escherichia coli enterohaemorrhagic O157 :H7 chez les souris. Bureau D'Inspection Direct Méridional De Produits À base de viande, Tochigi, Tochigi 328-0033, Japon.

Seifert J, Molkewehrum M, Oesser S, Nebermann L, Schulze C. Recherche D'Eur Surg. 2002 Janv.-Apr;34(1-2) :68-72. Articles relatifs, liens, inactivation d'endotoxine par le colostrum enterally appliqué de composition différente. Recherche chirurgicale, département de chirurgie et chirurgie thoracique, Kiel, Allemagne.

Bolke E, Jehle P.M., Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., choc. 2002 Jan;17(1) :9-12. Application orale relative d'articles, de liens, de Preoperative de lait immunoglobuline-enrichi de colostrum et réponse de médiateur pendant la chirurgie abdominale. Département de la chirurgie, université d'Ulm, Allemagne.

Fin de support De Lilius, Marnila P. Curr Opin Infectent Dis. 2001 Jun;14(3) :295-300. Articles relatifs, liens, le rôle des anticorps colostrals dans la prévention des infections microbiennes. Département de la biochimie et chimie alimentaire, université de Turku, Turku, Finlande.

Graczyk Tk, M. De Cranfield, Bostwick EF., J Parasitol. 2000 Jun;86(3) :631-2. Articles relatifs, liens, traitement réussi de colostrum de bovin de hyperimmune des moniteurs de la savane (exanthematicus de Varanus) atteints du PS de Cryptosporidium. Département de la microbiologie et de l'immunologie moléculaires, école d'hygiène et santé publique, université de Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, le Maryland 21205, Etats-Unis.

Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, CAD De Busch, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4) :452-6. Les articles relatifs, liens, colostrum de bovin améliore la diarrhée dans l'infection avec Escherichia coli diarrheagenic, le shiga E toxinogène. Coli, et E. coli exprimant l'intimin et l'hémolysine. L'hôpital des enfants, l'université de Wurtzbourg, Allemagne.

Bitzan, M.M.; Or, B.D.; Philpott, D.J.; Huesca, M.; Sherman, P.M.; Karch, H.; Lissner, R.; Lingwood, C.A.; Karmali, M.A.; Inhibition des pylores de Helicobacter et des mustelae de Helicobactor liant aux récepteurs de lipide par le colostrum de bovin. Le journal des maladies infectieuses. 177 :955-961, avril 1998.

TH De Casswall, Sarker SA, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12(6) :563-8. Articles relatifs, liens, traitement de l'infection de pylores de Helicobacter dans les enfants en bas âge au Bangladesh rural avec des immunoglobulines orales du colostrum de bovin de hyperimmune. Département des sciences cliniques, hôpital de Huddinge, institut de Karolinska, Suède.

Bitzan Millimètre, Or BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman P.M., Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood Ca, Karmali MA. J Infectent Dis. 1998 Apr;177(4) :955-61. Articles relatifs, liens, inhibition des pylores de Helicobacter et des mustelae de Helicobacter liant aux récepteurs de lipide par le colostrum de bovin. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):276-83. Related Articles, Links, Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Flanigan T, Marshall R, Redman D, Kaetzel C, Ungar B. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):225S-227S. Related Articles, Links, In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Mukoyama A. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;65(1):54-60. Related Articles, Links,[Bacteriostatic activity of bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health.

Stephan W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 Jan;28(1):19-23. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Biotest Pharma GmbH, Forschungsabteilung, Frankfurt.

Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3. Related Articles, Links, Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Opdebeeck JP, Norcross NL. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Jul;46(7):1561-4. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus.

McClead RE, Gregory SA. Infect Immun. 1984 May;44(2):474-8. Related Articles, Links, Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis.

McClead RE, Butler T, Rabbani GH. (1988) Orally Administered Bovine Colostral Anti-Cholera Toxin Antibodies: Results of Two Clinical Trials. The American Journal of Medicine. 85:811-816

Michalek SM, McGhee JR. (1977) Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to streptococcus mutans elicits protection. Infection and Immunity. 17:644-650.

Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.

Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Bovine colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens.

Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens.

Korhonen, H. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78:655-662 (1995). The antibody-complement system found in bovine colostrum was also found to be bactericidal against H. pylori.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78(6):655-662 (1995). Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers in humans. Serum and colostrum from non-immunized Friesian cows were found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori. Post-colostral milk did not show any bactericidal effect against H. pylori.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998). H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.

Wada, T, et al. The therapeutic effect of bovine lactoferrin in the host infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 34(3):238-243 (1999). Mice infected with H. pylori were given a daily dose of bovine lactoferrin for 2-4 weeks. Their intestines were then examined for bacterial content. Numbers of H. pylori were reduced to 10% of pre-lactoferrin levels and greatly decreased the numbers of H. pylori bound to the intestinal wall. Serum antibody titer to H. pylori were reduced to practically zero, indicating that the immune response of the host was no longer recognizing H. pylori infection. Therefore it was deduced that lactoferrin has a direct antibacterial effect on H. pylori infection and prevents binding of the pathogen to the intestinal lining.

Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002). Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.

Lilius, EM, Marnila, P. The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14(3): 295-300 (2001) . Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer's patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother's colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Masson, PL, et al. An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clinica Chemica Acta 14:735 (1966). Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of siderophilic (iron-loving) bacteria and Candida albicans.

Gross, Neil; Carey, John; Hamilton, Joan. "Quiet Strides in the War on Cancer," Business Week. February 6:150, 1995.

Lidbeck, A.; Allinger, U. G.; Orrhage, K. M.; Ottova, L.; Brismar, B.; Gustafsson, J. A.; Rafter, J.; Nord, C. E. "Impact of Lactobacillus Acidophilus Supplements on the Fecal Microflora and Soluble Fecal Bile Acids in Colon Cancer Patients," Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 4:81-8, 1991.

Lidbeck, A.; Nord, C. E.; Gustafsson, J. A.; Rafter, J. "Lactobacilli, Anticarcinogenic Activities and Human Intestinal Microflora," Eur J Cancer Prev. 1:341-353, 1992.

Shahani, K. et al, Antitumor activity of fermented colostrum and milk 01-May-83 - Investigated the effect of feeding fresh colostrum and colostrum cultured with either L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus or yoghurt starter on the proliferation of ascites tumor cells.

Parodi, PW. Cows' milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. Journal of Nutrition 127(6):1055-1060 (1997). Including dairy products in the diet has been shown to lessen the chance of developing cancer. One of the ways dairy products accomplish this is through the anticarcinogenic properties of several milk fats, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), sphingomyelin, butyric acid and ether lipids. Cows also have the ability to absorb anticarcinogenic compounds, such as beta-carotene, beta-ionone and gossypol, from their feed and include them in their milk.

Parodi, PW. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat. 82:1339-1349 (1999) CLA in even small amounts has a potent anticarcinogenic effect, as does sphingomyelin. Other components of milk with anticarcinogenic activity include butyric acid, ether lipids, beta-carotene and vitamins A and D.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76:183-190 (2000).

Zoltan P. Rona, M.D., M.Sc., Bovine Colostrum Emerges as Immunity Modulator, March 1998, American Journal of Natural Medicine)

Inglot, A.D., et al. "Colostrinine: a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum is a modest cytokine inducer in human leukocytes." Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Wasz), 1996;44(4):215-224.

Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine colostrinine (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor product by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis (Warsaw) 45(1):43-47 (1997). Colostrinin stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interferon-beta (INF-ß), both important cytokines in the inflammatory response.

Bocci, V, et al. What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biologic Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents 5(4):121-124 (1991). The cytokines present in colostrum, such as TNF-a, interferon-?, IL-1 and IL-6, have an immunostimulatory effect. This could be significant for aged people or others with immunodeficiency.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

Bogdan, C, Nathan, C. Modulation of macrophage function by transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 685:713-739 (1993). Certain cytokines found in colostrum, TGF-ß, IL-4 and IL-10, have a modulatory effect on macrophages, either stimulating or deactivating them as conditions dictate.

Feldmann, M, et al. Cytokines in autoimmune disorders. International Review of Immunology 17(1-4)217-228 (1998). Cytokines are important protein mediators of immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, fibrosis, and so forth, in other words, all the major biological processes which underlie autoimmune disorders. Modulating the effects of these cytokines, particularly TNF-a, can result in amelioration of the symptoms of the disorders.

"A New Way to Fight Diabetes," Newsweek. November 15, 1993. Dohm, G. L.; Elton, C. W.; Raju, M. S.; Mooney, N. D.; DiMarchi, R.; Pories, W. J.; Flickinger,

E. G.; et al. "IGF-I- Stimulated Glucose Transport in Human Skeletal Muscle and IGF-I Resistance in Obesity and NIDDM," Diabetes. 39(9):1028-1032, 1990.

Pennisi. "Immune Therapy Stems Diabetes Progress," Science News. 145:37, January 15, 1995.

Binz, K. et al. Repopulation of The Atrophied Thymus in Diabetic Rats by Insulin-like Grown Factor I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87(10):3690-3694. May 1990.

Dohm, Elton, et al. IgF-1 stimulated glucose transport. Diabetes, Sept. 30, 1990, pp. 1028-32.

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, et al. (1998) Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobactor mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961.

Blum J, Hadorn U, Sallmann H, and Schuep W. (1997) Delaying colostrum intake by one day impairs plasma lipid, essential fatty acid, carotene, retinal and a-tocopherol status in neonatal calves. American Society for Nutritional Sciences.

Cavalli-Sforza LT, Strata A. (1987) Double-blind study on the tolerance of four types of milk in lactose malabsorbers. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition. 40C:19-30.

Cenacchi T, Baggio C, and Palin E. (1987) Human tolerability of oral phosphatidylserine assessed through laboratory examinations. Clinical Trials Journal. 24.

Efigenia M, Povoa B, Moraes-Santos T. (1997) Effect of heat treatment on the nutritional quality of milk proteins. International Dairy Journal. 7:609-612.

Fishbein L, Kaplan M, Gough M. (1988) Fructooligosaccharides: A review. Vat Hum Toxicology. 30:104-108.

Ghidini A, Hicks C, Lapinski RH, Lockwood CJ. (1997) Morbidity in the preterm infant with mature lung indicies. American Journal of Perinatology. 14:75-78.

Jensen R. (1998) Human milk lipids as a model for infant formulas. Lipid Technology. 34(12):1243-71

Joseph M. and Flesch A. (1998) Research shows colostrum to be one of nature's most potent, broad-spectrum substances. Chiropractic Journal.

Jochims K, Kaup FJ, Drommer W. (1994) Immunoelectron microscopical demonstration of the absorption of colostral IgG by small intestinal enterocytes in newborn rats. Research in Veterinary Science. 57:146-151.

Klagsbrun M. (1978) Human milk stimulates DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation in cultured fibroblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 75:5057-5061.

Kume S, Tanabe S. (1993) Effect of parity on colostral mineral concentrations of holstein cows and value of colostrum as a mineral source for newborn calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 76:1654-1660.

Le Dividich J, Herpin P, Paul E, Strullu F. (1997) Effect of fat content of colostrum on voluntary colostrum intake and fat utilization in newborn pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 75:707-713.

Li-Chan E, Kummer A, Lasso J, Kitts D, Nakai S. (1995) Stability of bovine immunoglobulin to thermal treatment and processing. Food Research International. 28:9-16.

McConnell MA, Brooks HJL, Borissenko MB, Buchan GA. A comparative study of immunoglobulin levels and anti-inflammatory activity in four milk products. Journal of Dairy Science. Publication forthcoming.

Nitsch A, and Nitsch F. (1998) The clinical use of bovine colostrum. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. 13.

Wit JN. (1998) Nutritional and functional characteristics of whey proteins in food products. Journal of Dairy Science. 81:597-608.

Walker WA. (1999) What is the role of nucleotides and polyamines in breast milk? Acta Peadiatrica. 88:1313-1315.

Warny M, Fatima A, Bostwick E, et al. (1998) Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-Clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralizing activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gut. 44(2):212-7.

Wieczorek Z, Zimecki M, Janusz M, Staroscik K, Lisowski J. (1979) Proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: its effect on skim permeability and on the immune system. Immunology. 36:879-881.

Yamamoto A, Wada O, Suzuki H. (1987) Purification and properties of biologically active chromium complex from bovine colostrum. American Institute of Nutrition. 118(1):39-45.

Zhang T, Iguchi K, Mochizzuki T, Hoshino M, Yanaihara C, Yanaihara N. (1990) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide immunoreactivity in bovine colostrum. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 194(3):270-3.

George-Nascimento, C., Lowenson, Jonathan, Borissenko, M., Calderon, A., Medina-Selby, A., Kuo, J., Clarke, S., Randolph, A. Replacement of a Labile Aspartyl Residue Increases the Stability of Human Epidermal Growth Factor. Biochemistry 29 No. 41(1990) 9584 - 9591.

Antonio J. (1998) Can bovine colostrum enhance levels of IGF-1? Muscle and Fitness.

Ballard F, Wallace J, Francis G, Read L, Tomas F. (1996) Des (1-3) IGF-I: a truncated form of insulin-like growth factor-I. International Journal of Cellular Biology. 28:1085-1087.

Bhora F, Dunkin B, Batzri S, et al. (1995) Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation and epithelialization in human skin. Journal of Surgery Res. 59:236-244.

Bricker D. (1991) Colostrum: Implications for accelerated recovery in damaged muscle and cartilage, prevention of some pathogenic disease. The American Chiropractor.

Burrin D, Davis T, Ebner S, Schoknecht P, Fiorotto M, Reeds P. (1997) Colostrum enhances the nutritional stimulation of vital organ protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. American Society for Nutritional Sciences.127(7):1284-9.

Burrin DG, Shulman RJ, Reeds PJ, Davis TA, Gravitt KR. (1992) Porcine colostrum and milk stimulate visceral organ and skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonatal piglets. Journal of Nutrition. 122:1205-1213.

Cass TL. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1, Somatomedin C) blood levels are not associated with prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels or prostate cancer: A study of 749 patients. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.

Demarco C. (1998) Anti-aging breakthrough: Homeopathic growth factors. Let's Live.

Francis G, Read L, Ballard J, et al. (1986) Purification and partial sequence analysis of insulin-like growth factor-1 from bovine colostrum. Journal of Biochemistry. 233:207-213.

Francis G, Upton F, Ballard J, McNeil K, Wallace J. (1988) Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 in bovine colostrum. Journal of Biochemistry. 251:95-103.

Fryburg D. (1995) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during Hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Investigations. 96:1722-1729.

Ginjala V, Pakkanen R. (1998) Determination of transforming growth factor-B1 (TGF-B1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in bovine colostrum samples. Journal of Immunoassay. 19:195-207.

Handsell KL, Baumrucker CR, Kensinger RS. (1993) Effects of elevated blood insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration upon IGF-I in bovine mammary secretions during the colostrum phase. Journal of Endocrinology. 137:223-230.

Juskevich J. (1990) Bovine Growth Hormone: Human Food Safety Evaluation. Science. 249:875-883.

Kirkpatrick CH. (1993) Structural nature and function of transfer factors. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 685:362-8.

Marcotty C, Frankenne F, Van Beeumen J, Maghuin-Rogister G, Hennen G. (1991) Insulin-like growth I (IGF-I) from cow colostrum: Purification and characterization. Growth Regulation. 1(2):56-61.

Marquardt H, Lioubin MN, Ikeda T. (1987) Complete amino acid sequence of human transforming growth factor type beta 2. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 262:12127-12131.Miers W, Barrett E. (1998) The role of insulin and other hormones in the regulation of amino acid and protein metabolism in humans. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 9(2-4):235-53.

Noda K, Umeda M, Ono T. (1984) Transforming growth factor activity in human colostrum. Gann. 75:109-12.

Nowak J, Olszewski J, Kozal E. (1994) Insulin and sugar concentration changes in mammary secretion in sheep during the periparturient period. Reprod. Nutritional Development. 34:3-8.

Nowak J. (1990) Insulin and glucose concentration changes in newborn piglets after suckling the colostrum from insulin administered sows. Acta Physiol. 41(7):155-62.

Nord J, Ma P, DiJohn D, Tzipori S, Tacket CO. (1990) Treatment with bovine hyperimmune colostrum cyptosporidial diarrhea in AIDS patients. AIDS. 4:581-584.

Oda S, Satoh H, Sugawara T, et al. (1989) Insulin-like growth factor-I, GH, insulin and glucagon concentrations in bovine colostrum and in plasma of dairy cows and neonatal calves around parturition. Comp. Biochemical Physiology. 94A:805-808.

Pakkanen R, Aalto J. (1997) Review paper: Growth factors and antimicrobial factors of bovine colostrum. International Dairy Journal. 7:285-297.

Pakkanen R. (1998) Determination of transforming growth factor-fl2 (TGF-fl2) in bovine colostrum samples. Journal of Immunoassay. 19:23-37.

Rosenthal S, Brown E, Brunetti A, Goldfine I. (1991) Fibroblast growth factor inhibits insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) gene expression and increases IGF-I receptor abundance in BC3H-1 muscle cells. Molecular Endocinology. 5:678-684.

Russell J, Feldman E. (1999) Insulin-like growth factor-I prevents apoptosis in sympathetic neurons exposed to high glucose. Horm Metab Res. 31:90-96.

Sara VR, Hall K. (1990) Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins. Physiological Reviews. 70:591-606.

Shimizu M, Webster C, Morgan DO, Blau HM, Roth RA. (1986) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors and responses in cultured human muscle cells. American Journal of Physiology. 251:E611-5.

Shing Y, Klagsbrun M. (1987) Purification and characterization of a bovine colostrum-derived growth factor. Molecular Endocrinology. 1:335-338.

Skottner A, Arrhenius-Nyberg V, Kanje M, Fryklund L. (1990) Anabolic and tissue repair functions of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I. Acta Pediatric Scand. 367:63-66.

Sporn M, Roberts A, Shull J, Smith J, Ward J. (1983) Polypeptide transforming growth factors isolated from bovine sources and used for wound healing in vivo. Science. 219(4590):1329-31.

Tokuyama H, Tokuyama Y, Migita S. (1990) Isolation of two new proteins from bovine colostrum which stimulates epidermal growth factor-dependent colony formation of NRK-49F cells. Growth Factors. 3(2): 105-14.

Tokuyama, H. and Tokuyama, Y. (1989) Bovine colostric transforming growth facto-fI-like peptide that induces growth inhibition and changes in morphology of human osteogenic sarcoma cells (MG-63). Cell Biology International Reports. 13:251-258.

Tokuyama Y. (1993) Purification and identification of TGF-B2-related growth factor from bovine colostrum. Journal of Dairy Research. 60:99-109.

Tollefsen S, Lajara R, McCusker R, Clemmons D, Rotwein P. (1989) Insuline-like growth factors (IGF) in muscle development. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264(23):13810-7.

Tomas F, Knowles S, Owens P, et al. (1991) Increased weight gain, nitrogen retention and muscle protein synthesis following treatment of diabetic rats with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and des(1-3)IGF-I. Biochem J. 276 (Pt 2):547-54.

Ullman M, Ullman A, Sommerland H, Skottner A, Oldfors A. (1990) Effects of growth hormone on muscle regeneration and IGF-I concentration in old rats. Acta Physiological Scand. 140:521-525.

Shomali M, Wolfsthal S. (1997) The use of anti-aging hormones. Maryland Medical Journal. 46:181-186.

Watson DL, Francis GL, Ballard FJ. (1992) Factors in ruminant colostrum that influence cell growth and murine IgE antibody responses. Journal of Dairy Research. 59:369-380.

Oda, S., et al., Insulin-like growth factor-l (IGF-1), growth hormone (GH), insulin and glucagon concentrations in bovine colostrum and in plasma of dairy cows and neonatal calves around parturition. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1989. 94A(4): p. 805-808.

Rudman, D.; et al. Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Men over 60 Years Old. N. Eng. J. Med. 323:1-6, 1990.

Mero A, Kahkonen J, Nykanen T, Parviainen T, Jokinen I, Takala T, Nikula T, Rasi S, Leppaluoto J. Appl Physiol. 2002 Aug;93(2):732-9. Related Articles, IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. Department of Biology of Physical Activity, 40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland.

Schwade, S. Insulin-like growth factors. Muscle & Fitness. May 1992, pp. 1 & 2.

Bergerot, I, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) protects NOD mice from insulitis and diabetes. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 102(2):335-340 (1995). IGF-1 protects islet of Langerhans insulin-producing beta cells from the effects of insulitis and diabetes in an experimental mouse system. Significantly, the development if diabetes in these mice is inhibited with IGF-1 supplementation, and the autoimmune destruction of beta cells was suppressed.

Bergerot, I, et al. Effects of insulin like growth factor-1 and insulin on effector T cells generating autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes & Metabolism 22(4):235-239 (1996). The development of autoimmune diabetes in experimental mice was significantly reduced in those receiving IGF-1 as compared to insulin.

Dohm, GL, et al. IGF-I-stimulated glucose transport in human skeletal muscle and IGF-I resistance in obesity and NIDDM. Diabetes 39(9):1028-1032 (1990). IGF-1 stimulates glucose transport by IGF-1 receptors in skeletal muscle, thus alleviating the hyperglycemia observed in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Significantly, muscle from obese patients was resistant to this effect.

Thivolet, C. Use of IGF-1 or analogues thereof in the prevention of diabetes. US Patent #6,342,227 (2002). IGF-1 or an analogue can delay the clinical onset of diabetes when administered at the first sign of the disease. Additionally, IGF-1 or analogue given to patients at high risk for developing the disease significantly reduces the likelihood of developing diabetes.

Chen, W, et al. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I/IGF-binding protein-3 complex: therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of protection against type 1 diabetes. Endocrinology 145(2):627-638 (2004). IGF-1 regulates beta cell growth, survival and metabolism in the pancreas and protects them against development of type 1 diabetes. Using IGF-1 combined with IGF-binding protein (IGF-bp) significantly increases the efficacy of IGF-1 treatment by extending its half-life in the body.

Russell, JW, Feldman, EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I prevents apoptosis in sympathetic neurons exposed to high glucose. Hormone and Metabolic Research 31(2-3):90-96 (1999). Using an experimental in vitro rat superior cervical ganglion model of diabetic neuropathy, high levels of glucose, such as are found in uncontrolled diabetes, inhibits neurite (cell processes growing from nerve cells in cultures) growth, reduction in neurite size, beading of neurites, neurite retraction and apoptosis (cell death) in neurons. This is reversed by IGF-1 which exhibits a neuroprotective effect on these neurons. This suggests that IGF-1 may be of use in preventing diabetic neuropathy in vivo.

Hasdai, D, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I cause coronary vasorelaxation in vitro. Hypertension 32:228-234 (1998). IGF-1 and insulin affect vasorelaxation in coronary arteries, possibly by activating potassium channels.

Tavakkol, A, et al. Expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor mRNA and proteins in human skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 99(3):343-349 (1992). Receptors for growth hormone and IGF-1 were isolated from human skin, indicating that skin cells may have the ability to react directly to growth hormone stimulation.

Bhora, Y, et al. Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation and epithelialization in human skin. Journal of Surgical Research 59(2):236-244 (1995). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), IGF-1 and epithelial growth factor (EGF) are important factors in healing skin wounds. EGF in particular is capable of initiating epithelial growth.

Hyde, C, et al. Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) and IGF-Binding Proteins Bound to Vitronectin Enhance Keratinocyte Protein Synthesis and Migration. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 122(5):1198-1206 (2004). IGF-II binds directly to vitronectin, a component of the extracellular skin matrix, to enhance protein synthesis and migration by skin cells in wound healing and skin regeneration.

El Ghalbzouri, A, et al. Fibroblasts facilitate re-epithelialization in wounded human skin equivalents. Laboratory Investigation 84(1):102-112 (2004). Re-epithelialization of wounds begins with the migration of keratinocytes (skin cells) from the edges of the wound. This migration is dependent on the interaction of the keratinocytes with dermal fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. This migration is accelerated by EGF and keratinocyte growth factor.

Moller, S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in burn patients. Burns 17(4):279-281 (1991). Impaired wound healing in large burns is related to suppressed levels of IGF-1 in the burn area.

Rudman, D, et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. New England Journal of Medicine 323(1):1-6 (1990). The decline in activity of the growth hormone-IGF-1 system may be related to the loss of lean muscle mass and increase in fat mass with aging. Administration of growth hormone to men over 60 years of age resulted in increased IGF-1 levels in the blood similar to that found in much younger men, increase lean body mass, decreased fat mass and an increase in skin thickness.

Gilliland, S. E.; Nelson, C. R.; Maxwell, C. "Assimilation of Cholesterol by Lactobacillus Acidophilus," Appld and Envir Microbiol. 49:377-81, 1985.

Lange; Schreiner. "Immune Mechanisms of Cardiac Disease," New England Journal of Medicine. 330:1129, 1994.

Robert, L.; et al. "The Effect of Procyanidolic Oligomers on Vascular Permeability. A Study Using Quantitative Morphology," Pathol Biol. 38:608-616, 1990.

Bocci V, Von Bremen K, Corradeschi F, Luzzi E, Paulesu L. (1991) What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 3:121-124.

Boesman-Finkelsein M, Walton NE, Finkelstein RA. (1989) Bovine lactogenic immunity against cholera toxin-related enterotoxins and Vibrio cholerae outer membranes. Infection and Immunity. 57:1227-1234.

Boesman-Finkelstein M. and Finkelstein R. (1989) Passive oral immunization of children. Lancet. 2(8675):1336.

Bogstedt AK, Johansen K, Hatta H, et al. (1996) Passive immunity against diarrhea. Acta Paediatr. 85:125-128.

Davidson G, Whyte P, Daniels E, et al. (1989) Passive immunization of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet. 2(8665):709-12.

Dichtelmuller W, Lissner R. (1990) Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 28:19-23.

Ebina T, Umezu K, Ohyama S, et al. (1983) Prevention of rotavirus infection by cow colostrum containing antibody against human rotavirus. Lancet. 2(8357):1029-30.

Hanson LA, Ahlstedt S, Andersson B, et al. (1983) Mucosal Immunity. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 83:1-20.

Hilpert H, Brussow H, Mietens C, Sidoti J, Lerner L, Werchau H. (1987) Use of bovine milk concentrate containing antibody to rotavirus to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 156:158-166.

Hirmo S, et al. (1998) Characterization of Helicobacter pylori interactions with sialylglycoconjugates using a resonant mirror biosensor. Analytical Biochemistry. 257:63-6.

Honorio-Franca A, Carvalho M, Isaac L, Trabulsi l, Carneiro-Sampaio M. (1997) Colostral mononuclear phagocytes are able to kill enteropathogenic Escherichia coli opsonized with colostral IgA. Scandavian Journal of Immunology. 46:59-66.

Janusz M, Lisowski J. (1993) Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) - an immunomodulatory peptide from ovine colostrum. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 41:275-279

Jochims K, Kaup F, Drommer W, Pickel M. (1994) An immunoelectron microscopic investigation of colostral IgG absorption across the intestine of new-born calves. Research in Veterinary Science. 57:75-80.

Kelly CP, et al. (1996) Anti-Clostridium difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate inhibits cytotoxicity and enterotixicity of C. difficile toxins. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 40:373-379.

Kelly G. (1999) Larch arabinogalactan: Clinical relevance of a novel immune-enhancing polysaccharide. Alternative Medicine Review. 4(2):96-103.

Khazenson L, Gennad'eva T, Roshchin V, Krasheniuk A, Semenova N. (1980) Activity of bovine colostral IgG in the human digestive tract. ZH Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 9:101-106.

Kohl S, Malloy M, Pickering L, Morriss F, Adcock E, Walters D. (1978) Human colostral cytotoxicity: I. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against herpes simplex viral-infected cells mediated by colostral cells. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Immunology. 1:221-224.

Korthonen H, Suvaoja EL, Ahola-Luttilia H, et al. (1995) Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobactor pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 78:655-662.

Lawton JW, Shortridge KF, Wong RL, Ng MH. (1979) Interferon synthesis by human colostral leucocytes. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 54:127-130.

LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. -M, et al. (1996) Comparison of the IgE titers to bovine colostral G immunoglobulins and the F(ab')2 fragments in sera of patients allergic to milk. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 110:156-162.

Lissner R, Thurmann P, Merz G, Karch, H. (1998) H. Antibody reactivity and fecal recovery of bovine immunoglobulins following oral administration of a colostrum concentrate from cows to healthy volunteers. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36:239-245.

Loimaranta V, Carlen A, Olsson J, Tenovuo J, Syvaoja E.-L, Korhonen H. (1998) Concentrated bovine colostal whey proteins from Streptococcus mutans/Strep. sobrinus immunized cows inhibit the adherence of Strep. mutans and promote the aggregation of mutans streptococci. Journal of Dairy Research. 65:599-607.

Michalek SM, McGhee JR, Babb JL. (1978) Effective immunity to dental caries: dose-dependent studies of secretory immunity by oral administration of Streptococcus mutans to rats. Infection and Immunity. 19:217-224.

Moro I, Abo T, Crago SS, Komiyama K, Mestecky J. (1985) Natural Killer Cells in Human Colostrum. Cellular Immunology. 93:467-474.

Naber P, et al. (1996) Inhibition of adhesion of Clostridium difficile to caco-2 cells. Immunology and Medical Microbioilogy. 14:205-209.

Ouwehand A, Salminen S, Skurnik M, Conway P. (1997) Inhibition of pathogen adhesion by B-lactoglobulin. International Dairy Journal. 7:685-692.

Ogra P, Losonsky G, Fishaut M. (1983) Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. New York Academy of Science 409:82-95.

Ogra SS, Ogra PL. (1978) Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. The Journal of Pediatrics. 92:546-549.

Parodi PW. (1996) milk fat components: possible chemopreventive agents for cancer and other diseases. The Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. 51:24-32.

Petschow B, Talbott R. (1994). Reduction in virus-neutralizing activity of a bovine colostrum immunglobulin concentrate by gastic acid and digestive enzymes. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 19:228-235.

Plettenberg A, Stoehr A, Stellbrink J, Albreacht H, Meigel W. (1993) A preparation from bovine colostrum in the treatment of HIV-positive patients with chronic diarrhea. Clinical Investigator. 71:42-45.

Pincus C, Nussenweig V. (1971) Regulation of the Immune Response: Suppressive and enhancing effects of passively administered antibody. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 133:987-1003.

Pironi L, Miglioli M, Ruggeri E, et al. (1990) Relationship between intestinal permeability to EDTA and inflammatory activity in asymptomatic patients with Crohn's disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 35(5):582-8.

Quigley JD, Martin KR, Dowlen HH, Wallis LB, Lamar K. (1994) Immunoglobulin concentration, specific gravity, and nitrogen fractions of colostrum from Jersey cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 77:264-269.

Rautiainen E. (1998) The prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds in western Finland based on the demonstration of antibodies in colostrum by ELISA. Acta Vet Scand. 39:325-330.

Ritchie D, Becker E. (1994) Update on the management of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 28:767-778.

Robert Service. (1994) Triggering the First Line of Defense. Research News. 265.

Saif L, Smith K. (1985) Enteric viral infections of calves and passive immunity. Journal of Dairy Science. 68:206-228.

Sandholm M, Honkanen-Buzalski T. (1979) Colostral trypsin-inhibitor capacity in different animal species. Acta Vett. Scand. 20:469-476.

Sarker S, Casswall T, Mahalanabis M, et al. (1998) Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine colostrum. Pediatric Journal of Infectious Disease. 17:1149-54.

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) Low colostral IgA associated with cow's milk allergy. Acta Pediatr Scan. 80:1207-1213.

Selo I, Clement G, Bernard H, et al. (1999) Allergy to bovine B-lactoglobulin: specificity of human IgE to tryptic peptides. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 29:1055-1063.

Shearman D. (1972) The demonstration and function of antibodies in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 13(6):483-99.

Siber G. (1992) Immune globulin to prevent nosocomial infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 327(4):269-71.

Stephen W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. (1990) Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Chemical Clinical Biochemistry. 28:19-23.

Staroscik K, Janusz M, Zimecki M, Wieczorek Z, Lisowski J. (1983) Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology. 12:1277-1282.

Swarbrick ET. (1992) The handling of ingested antigens. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 47(3):276-83.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47:276-283 (1992).

Takahashi, T. and et al. (1998) Effects of Orally Ingested Bifidobacterium longum on the Mucosal IgA response of Mice to Dietary Antigens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 62(1):10-5.

Tejada-Simon M, Lee J, Ustunol Z, Pestka J. (1999) Ingestion of yoghurt containing lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium to potentiate immunoglobulin A responses to cholera toxin in mice. Journal of Dairy Science. 82:649-660.

Tyler J, Stevens B, Hostetler D, Holle J, Denbigh J. (1999) Colostral immunoglobulin concentrations in holstein and guernsey cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 60(9):1136-9

Tzipori S, Roberton D, Chapman C. (1986) Remission of diarrhea due to cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient child treated with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. British Medical Journal. 293(6557):1276-7.

Ulcova-Gallova Z, Fialova P, Krauz V. (1994) Immunologic factors in human colostrum and milk. Casopis Lekaru Ceskych. 133:275-276.

Ungar BLP, Ward DJ, Fayer R, Quinn CA. (1990) Cessation of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient after treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Gastroenterology. 98:486-489.

Veselsky L, Cechova D, Jonakova V. (1978) Secretion and Immunochemical Properties of the Trypsin Inhibitor from Bovine Colostrum. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 359:873-878.

Waldman RH, Stone J, Lazzell V, et al. (1983) Oral route as method for immunizing against mucosal pathogens. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Jun 30;409:510.

Walker M. (1999) Bovine colostrum offers broad-spectrum benefits for wide-ranging ailments. Medical Journalist Report of Innovative Biologics: Townsend Letters for Doctors and Patients. 74-80.

Walker M. (1997) Homeostatic soil organisms support immune system functions from the ground up. Townsend Letters for Doctor and Patients.

Walker m. (1995) Infectious bugs are back but there's a remedy. Townsend Letters for Doctors and Patients.

.McConnell, M. A., Buchan, G. A. A., Borissenko, M. V., Brooks, H. J. L. (2001)

A Comparison of IgG and IgG1 Activity in an Early Milk Concentrate from Non-Immunised Cows and a Milk from Hyperimmunised Animals. Food Research International 34 (2001) 255 - 261.

Francis, G. L., et al., Purification and partial sequence analysis of insulin-like growth factor-l (IGF-1) from bovine colostrum. Biochem. J. 1986. 233: p. 207-213.

Francis, G. L., et al., Insulin-like growth factors-l (IGF-1) and 2 (IGF-2) in bovine colostrum. Biochem. J. 1988. 251:p. 95-103.

Lawton, J. W. M., et al., Interferon synthesis by human colostral leukocytes. Arch. Dis. Childhood. 1979. 54: p.127-130.

Dwyer, J. M. Manipulating the Immune System with Immune Globulin. New Engl. J. Med. 326(2):107-116. Jan. 9, 1992.

Boesman-Finkelstein, M., et al., Passive oral immunization of children. Lancet. 1989. 49: p. 1336.

Haynes, B. F. and Fauci, A. S. Introduction to Clinical Immunology. Part Two. Section 2. in: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Eleventh Edition. Eds. E. Braunwald et al. pp.328-337. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York. 1987.

Ogra, P. et al. Colostrum Derived Immunity and Maternal Neonatal Interaction. Annals NY Acad. Sci. 409:82-92. 1983.

Stephan, W., et al., Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1990. 28: p. 19-23.

Solomons NW. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S24-8. Related Articles, Links, Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala.

Wilson, D.C., J. Immune system breakthrough: colostrum. Journal of Longevity. 4(2), 1998.

Staroscik, K., e, al. Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from bovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology. 20(12):1277-1282, 1983.

Solomons, N.W. "Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates." Eur J Clin, Nutr, 2002;56 Suppl 3:S24-28.

Davidson, G.P., et al. "Passive immunization of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus." Lancet, 1989;2(8665):709-712.

Heaton, P. "Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukemia." Arch Dis Child, 1990;65(7):813-814. No abstract available.

Khazenson L.B., et al. "[Activity of bovine colostral IgG in the human digestive tract]." Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol, Immunobiol, 1980;9:101-106.

McClead, R. et. al, Pediatrics Research, 1979;13(4): 464. Pineiro, A., et al. "Trypsin inhibitor from cow colostrum., Isolation, electrophoretic characterization and immunologic properties." Biochem Biophys Acta (Amsterdam), 1975;379(1): 201-206.

Sabin, A. & Fieldsteel, A.H. "Antipoliomyelitic activity of human and bovine colostrum and milk." Pediatrics, 1962:105-115.

Sandholm, M. & Hankanen-Buzalski, T. "Colostral trypsininhibitor capacity in different animal species." Acta Vet Scand, 1979;20(4):469-476.

Sabin, AB. Anti-poliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children 80:866-870 (1950). Seminal study by Dr. Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine, in which he discovered antibodies against the polio virus in colostrum.

Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in colostrum, including anti-polio antibody.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via colostrum.

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 -915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001) Interleukin-1ß in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, et al. (1998) Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961.

Bjarnason I, Peters TJ, Wise RJ. (1984) The Leaky gut of alcoholism: Possible route of entry for toxic compounds. The Lancet. 1(8370):179-82.

Campieri M, Gionchetti P. (1999) Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: New insight to pathogenesis or a possible therapeutic alternative. Gastroenterology. 116:1246-1260.

Crissinger K, Kvietys P, Granger D. (1990) Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal mucosal permeability. Journal of Internal Medicine. 228:145-154.

Deitch E. (1990) The Role of intestinal barrier failure and bacterial translocation in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure. Archives of Surgery. 125(3):403-4.

Doe W. An overview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption. American Journal of Medicine. 67:1077-1084, 1979.

McGauley GA (1987) Abnormal intestinal permeability: An aetiological factor in chronic psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 150:853-856.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, et al. (1999) Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. Gut. 44:653-658.

Rooney PJ, Jenkins RT, Buchanan WW. (1990) A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 8:75-83.

Sangild P. (1999) Intestinal Macromolecule Absorption in the Fetal Pig after Infusion of Colostrum in Utero. Pediatric Research. 45:595-602.

Van der Hulst R, Van Kreel B, Meyenfeldt M, et al. (1993) Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 341:1363-1365.

Werbach MR. (1998) Intestinal health relieves rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition Science News. 3:396.

Walker WA. (1975) Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 22:731-746.

Acosta-Altamirano, G., et al., Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1987. 216B: p.1347-1352.

Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

Bogstedt, A.K.; Johanson, K.; Hatta, H.; Kim, M.; Casswall, T.; Svenson, L.; Hammarstrom, S. Passive immunity against diarrhea. Acta Paediatr. 85:125-128, 1996.

Katz, K.D., et al. Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their healthy relatives. Gastroenterology. 97:927-931, 1989.

Rooney, P.J>; Jenkins, R.T.; Buchanan, W.W. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint diseases. Clinical and Experimental Rhuematalogy. 8:75-83, 1990.

Mack DK.R.; et al. Correlation of intestinal lactulose permeability with exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Journal of Pediatrics. 120:696-701, 1992.

Batash, S., et al. Intestinal permeability in HIV infection: proper controls are necessary (letter). American Journal of Gastroenterology. 87:680, 1992.

Roos N, Mahe S, Benamouzig R, Sick H, Rautureau J, Tome D.,J Nutr. 1995 May;125(5):1238-44. Related Articles, Links, 15N-labeled immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum are partially resistant to digestion in human intestine. Institut fur Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernahrung, Kiel, Germany.

Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Gastroenterology. 1984 Aug;87(2):379-85. Related Articles, Links, A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid. Studies in adult and suckling rats.

Pironi, L.; et al. "Relationship Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Activity in Asymptomatic Patients with Crohn's Diseasse," Dig. Dis. Sci. 35(5):582-588, 1990.

Meilants, H. "Reflections on the Link Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Joint Disease," Clin Exp. Rheumatology. 8(5):523-524, 1990.

Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Bühler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Unpublished research (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Rooney, PJ, et al. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 8:75-83 (1990). The connection between increased permeability of the intestines and inflammatory arthritis is examined. The gut is the likely source of the antigens which cause inflammatory arthritis.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere's Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

Abe H, Saito H, Miyakawa H, et al. (1991) Heat stability of bovine lactoferrin at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:65-71.

Applemelk BJ, An YQ, Geerts M, et al. (1994) Lactoferrin is a lipid A-binding protein. Infection and Immunity. 62:2628-2632.

Baker EN, Anderson BF, Baker HM, et al. (1994) Three-dimensional structure of lactoferrin in various functional states. Lactoferrin: Structure and Function. 1-12.

Bellamy W, Takase M, Yamauchi K, Wakabayashi H, Kawase K, Tomita M. (1992) Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochemica Biophys Acta. 1121:130-136.

Buchta R. (1991) Ovine lactoferrin: Isolation from colostrum and characterization. Journal of Dairy Research. 211-218.

Gutteridge J, Paterson S, Segal A, Halliwell B. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the iron-binding protein lactoferrin. Biochem. Journal. 199:259-261.

Haridas M, Anderson BF, Baker HM, Norris GE, Baker EN. (1994) X-ray structure analysis of bovine lactoferrin at 2.5 Angstrom resolution. Lactoferrin: Structure and Function. 235-238.

Harmsen MC, Swart PJ, de Bethune MP, et al. (1995) Antiviral effects of plasma and mild proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 172:380-388.

Hasegawa K, Motsuchi W, Tanaka S, Dosako S. (1994) Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Jpn. Journal of Sci. Biol. 47:73-85.

Ikeda M, Sugiyama K, Tanaka T, et al. (1998) Lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in cultured human hepatocytes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 245:549-553.

Kawakami H. (1988) Effects of iron-saturated Lactoferrin on iron absorption. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52:903-908.

Kussendrager KD. Effects of heat treatment on structure and iron-binding capacity of bovine lactoferrin. Indigenous Antimicrobial Agents of Milk - Recent Developments 133-146.

Kwiat G. (1998) Lactoferrin. NutriCology in Focus.

Levay PF, Viljoen M. (1980) Lactoferrin: A general review. Haematologica. 3:252-267.

Li Y, Tan A, Vlassara T, Vlassara H. (1995) Antibacterial activity of lysozyme and lactoferrin is inhibited by binding of advanced glycation-modified proteins to a conserved motif. Nature Medicine. 1(10):1057-61.

Lonnerdal B, Lyer S. (1995) Lactoferrin: molecular structure and biological function. Annual Review of Nutrition. 15:93-110.

Masaaki I, and et al. (1999) Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 17:35-40.

Mikogami T. (1995) Effect of intracellular iron depletion by picolinic acid on expression of the lactoferrin receptor in the human colon carcinoma cell sub-clone HT29-18-C1. Biochemistry Journal. 308:391-397.

Petschow B, Talbott R, Batema R. (1999) Ability of lactoferrin to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in vitro is independent of recptor binding capacity and iron saturation level. Journal of Microbiology. 48:541-549.

Polla B. (1999) Therapy by taking away: The case of iron. Biochemical Pharmacology. 57:1345-1349.

Saito H, Miyakawa H, Tamura Y, Shimamura S, Tomita M. (1991) Potent bactericidal activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate produced by heat treatment at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3724-3730.

Shin K, Yamauchi K, Teraguchi S, et al. (1998) Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin and its peptides against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 26:407-411.

Thaler C, Labarrer C, Hunt J, McIntyre J, Faulk P. (1999) Unique epitopes of lactoferrin expressed in human cytotrophoblasts involved in immunologic reactions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):460-7.

Viani RM, Gutteberg TJ, Lathey JL, Spector SA. (1999) Lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro and exhibits synergy when combined with zidovudine. AIDS. 13:1273-4.

Vorland L, Ulvatne H, Andersen J, et al. (1999) Antibacterial effects of lactoferricin B. Scandinavian Journal of Infected Disease. 31:179-184.

Zagulski T, Jarzabek Z, Zagulska A, Zimecki M. (1998) The main systemic, highly effective mechanisms generated by lactoferrin in mammals in vitro. Advances in Lactoferrin Research. 443:247-50.

Yamauchi K, Tomita M, Giehl TJ, Ellison RT. Antibacterial activity of lactoferrin and a pepsin-derived lactoferrin peptide fragment. Infection and Immunity. 61:719-728, 1993.

Bellamy, W., et al. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 73:472-479, 1992.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.

van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.

Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.

Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).

Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.

Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000). Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.

Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000). The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.

Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999). Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.

Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999). Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.

Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the inte