Segue riferimenti alle carte concernente l'efficacia di colostro *:

LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. - m., ed altri. (1996) confronto dei titoli di IgE alle immunoglobuline colostrali di G del bovino e dei frammenti F(ab')2 in sieri dei pazienti allergici a latte. Allergia Interna Immunol Dell'Arco. 110:156-162.

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M., Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) IgA colostrale basso connesso con l'allergia del latte della mucca. Esplorazione Di Pediatr Di Acta. 80:1207-1213.

Selo I, G clemente, Bernard H, ed altri. (1999) allergia alla B-lattoglobulina del bovino: specificità di IgE umano ai peptidi trittici. Allergia clinica e sperimentale. 29:1055-1063.

Delespesse, G. Fattori del polipeptide da colostro. Brevetto #5,371,073 (1994) degli Stati Uniti. I fattori obbligatori di IgE (l'immunoglobulina addetta alla risposta allergica) (IgE-bf) ed attività del soppressore di IgE (IgE-SF) ottenuta da colostro sono stati usati con successo per trattare le allergie.

Collins, ed altri. Il latte di bovino, compreso latte pastorizzato, contiene gli anticorpi diretti contro gli allergeni di importanza clinica verso l'uomo. Archivi internazionali dell'allergia e dell'immunologia applicata 96:362-367 (1991). La presenza degli anticorpi contro molte delle allergie più comuni nell'uomo, compreso il polline del loglio, gli acari della polvere della casa, la muffa dell'aspergillo ed il glutine del frumento, è stata rilevata in colostro del bovino.

Elrod, KC, ed altri. Lattoferrina, un inibitore potente di tryptase, risposte abolite della via aerea di in ritardo-fase in pecore allergiche. Giornale americano della medicina critica respiratoria 156 di cura:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, un enzima digestivo, è stato implicato in varie funzioni di asma, compreso la broncocostrizione e l'iperreattività della via aerea. La lattoferrina è stata indicata per inibire l'attività di tryptase, così alleviando i sintomi dell'asma.

Goldman, asse, ed altri. Proprietà antinfiammatorie di latte umano. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). I componenti antinfiammatori principali trovati in latte umano (e colostro del bovino) includono le antiproteasi, lattoferrina, lisozima, IgA secretivo ed un certo numero di antiossidanti, compreso cisteina, l'ascorbato, il alfa-tocoferolo ed il beta-carotene.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, Es. Il colostro umano ha attività antinfiammatoria in un modello sottocutaneo del sacchetto dell'aria del ratto di infiammazione. Ricerca Pediatrica 34(2):208-212 (1993). Nei sacchetti sottocutanei usando di modello dell'aria dell'animale da laboratorio in ratti, il colostro ha mostrato l'attività antinfiammatoria significativa.

Buescher, Es, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. I ricevitori solubili dell'fattore-alfa di necrosi del tumore (TNF-alfa) in colostro e latte umani si legano all'TNF-alfa e neutralizzano la bioattività dell'TNF-alfa. Ricerca Pediatrica 44(1):37-42 (1998). La capacità di colostro di modulare la risposta infiammatoria è unica. Uno dei sensi in cui fa questo è attraverso le proteine del ricevitore di TNF-a, che sono trovate in colostro. Questi si legano a TNF-a, che inattiva il TNF-a. TNF-a è l'attivatore di intera cascata infiammatoria, in modo da controllando la relativa attività, il colostro controlla il grado della risposta infiammatoria e può chiuderlo fuori complessivamente.

"gli studi clinici indicano che IgE ha trovato in colostro del bovino, possono essere responsabili del regolare la risposta allergica," secondo DRS. Tortora, Funke e getto in microbiologia.

Arco Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999;47(6):377-85.

Amaducci L. (1988) fosfatidilserina nel trattamento della malattia del Alzheimer: risultati di uno studio del multicenter. Bollettino Di Psicofarmacologia. 24(1):130-4.

Leszek J, ANNUNCIO Di Inglot, Janusz M., Lisowski J, Krukowska K, Georgiades JA. (1999) Colostrinin: un complesso Prolina-Ricco del polipeptide (PRP) isolato da colostro ovino per il trattamento della malattia del Alzheimer. Un Doppio - Studio Placebo-Controllato Cieco. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 47(6):377-85.

Leszek, J, ed altri. Complesso prolina-ricco da colostro ovino - uno studio di lunga durata del polipeptide di Colostrinin® sulla relativa efficacia nella malattia del Alzheimer. Video Medico Di Scienza 8(10):P193-P196 (2002). In uno studio a termine più lungo, il colostrinin ha prodotto il miglioramento o la stabilizzazione in pazienti addetti allo studio.

Amaducci, L, ed altri. Uso della fosfatidilserina nella malattia del Alzheimer. Annali dell'Accademia de New York di scienza 640:245-249 (1991). Il completamento con la fosfatidilserina, uno dei fosfolipidi ha trovato in Bio--lipido, inoltre produce un miglioramento nei sintomi in Alzheimer.

Truffatore, TH, ed altri. Effetti della fosfatidilserina nel danno età-collegato di memoria. Neurologia 41(5):644-649 (1991). I pazienti con danno età-collegato di memoria hanno mostrato il miglioramento significativo nelle prove di prestazioni di memoria con il completamento della fosfatidilserina su un periodo di 12 settimane.

Truffatore, T, ed altri. Effetti della fosfatidilserina nella malattia del Alzheimer. Bollettino Di Psicofarmacologia 28(1):61-66 (1992). Un altro studio che ha mostrato un miglioramento nei sintomi di Alzheimer con il completamento della fosfatidilserina oltre 12 settimane. Meno il danno, più grande il miglioramento, suggerente che più presto il completamento della fosfatidilserina è cominciato nel corso della malattia, migliori i risultati saranno.

Traversa, CE, ed altri. Radicali dell'ossigeno e malattia umana. Annali di medicina interna 107(4):526-545 (1987). I radicali liberi dell'ossigeno, i sottoprodotti di metabolismo normale, sono stati implicati nei processi di malattia che variano dalla carcinogenesi all'invecchiamento, dante risalto all'importanza degli antiossidanti nel combattimento delle queste circostanze.

Ames, BN, ed altri. Ossidanti, antiossidanti e le malattie degeneranti di invecchiamento. Atti dell'Accademia nazionale delle scienze S.U.A. 90(17):7915-7922 (1993). I sottoprodotti dell'ossidante di metabolismo danneggiano significativo DNA, proteine ed i lipidi. Questi danni provocano l'invecchiamento e le malattie degeneranti connesse con invecchiamento, quale il cancro, la malattia cardiovascolare, il declino del sistema immune, la disfunzione del cervello e le cataratte. Le difese antiossidanti contro queste malattie declinano con l'età, rendente necessario il completamento degli antiossidanti nella dieta.

Ballard et. Al. "effetti degli agenti anabolici sulla ripartizione della proteina."Biochimica J, 1983;210:243-249:

Gil, A. & Sanchez-Medina, F. "nucleotidi solubili acidi del latte della mucca, della capra e della pecora nelle fasi differenti di lattazione."giornale di ricerca della latteria, 1981;48:35-44.

Ullman, ed altri. "effetti dell'ormone di sviluppo su rigenerazione del muscolo e su concentrazione IgF-1 in vecchi ratti."Acta Physiol Scand, 1990;140:521-525.

Xian, C.J., ed altri. "la degradazione di IGF-1 nel tratto gastrointestinale del ratto dell'adulto è limitata da un antisiero specifico o dalla caseina dietetica della proteina."giornale di endocrinologia, 1995;146:215-225.

Holbrook, N.J. & Ikeyama, S. "declino relativo all'età nella risposta cellulare allo sforzo ossidativo: collegamenti al fattore di sviluppo che segnala le vie con i difetti comuni."Biochimica Pharmacol, 2002;64(5-6):999-1005.

Playford, R.J., ed altri. "la Co-gestione del supplemento di alimento dietetico, colostro del bovino, riduce l'aumento droga-indotto antinfiammatorio nonsteroidal acuto nella permeabilità intestinale."Clin Sci (Lond), 2001;100(6):627-633.

Istituto di chimica e di biochimica, streptococco di Hellbrunner. 34. 5020 Salisburgo, Austria. Univ.- prof.. Dott. Albert Duschl.

Elrod, KC, ed altri. Lattoferrina, un inibitore potente di tryptase, risposte abolite della via aerea di in ritardo-fase in pecore allergiche. Giornale americano della medicina critica respiratoria 156 di cura:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, un enzima digestivo, è stato implicato in varie funzioni di asma, compreso la broncocostrizione e l'iperreattività della via aerea. La lattoferrina è stata indicata per inibire l'attività di tryptase, così alleviando i sintomi dell'asma.

"le glicoproteine in colostro del bovino inibiscono il collegamento dei batteri dei pylori di Helicobacter che causano le ulcere dello stomaco. Il colostro contiene gli importi significativi di interleukin-10, un agente inibitorio di infiammazione forte ha trovato significativo nella riduzione dell'infiammazione in giunti arthritic e le zone di ferita, "hanno scritto il Dott. Olle Hernell, dall'università di Ulmea, Svezia, in scomparto di scienza.

Antimicrobico (Moldoveanu, Zina, ed altri, "proprietà antibatteriche di latte; Annali di interazioni della Perossidasi-Lattoferrina di IgA _ "di N.Y. Accademia di scienza, (1983) volumi. 409. 848-850.

Kim, K. ed altri, "attività neutralizzante in vitro ed in vivo di colostro e di latte umani contro le tossine purificate A e B giornale di Difficle del clostridio" dei 1984) volumi contagioso della Diseases (. 150 (1) 57-61.

Wada, N., ed altri, "attività neutralizzante contro le tossine di Difficile del clostridio nel galleggiante volumi di Infectioius Immunology di cellule colostrali coltivate" 1980) (. 29. 545-550).

McConnell, M..A.; Ruscelli, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M..B.; Buchan, G. Uno studio comparativo dell'immunoglobulina ritiene ed attività antinfiammatoria in quattro latticini. Giornale di scienza della latteria. Pubblicazione prossima.

Borody, TJ, ed altri. Visione del traforo nelle viscere. Centro per le malattie digestive (2001). Rassegna della sindrome irritable delle viscere, compreso il colitis ulcerative e la malattia del Crohn e la relativa eziologia, compreso gli agenti infettivi quali Shigella ed il campilobatterio. Le infezioni dell'intestino sono difficili da trattare perché non c'è nessuna terapia antimicrobica disponibile che è efficace contro le spore dei clostridi. Soltanto il colostro del bovino ha dimostrato l'efficacia clinica nello sradicamento degli agenti patogeni intestinali, quale il rotavirus e può contribuire a controllare le infezioni viste nei disturbi cronici quale la sindrome irritable delle viscere dovuto il numero di componenti biologicamente attivi in colostro. I fattori di sviluppo nell'aiuto del colostro guar le erosioni e le ulcerazioni intestinali. Inoltre contiene i fattori antinfiammatori ed è rich nutrienti. Il colostro può essere usato da solo o congiuntamente ad altre sostanze antinfiammatorie e/o immuni. La ricerca futura dovrebbe mettere a fuoco sull'identificare le strategie, i sistemi di consegna del romanzo e l'identificazione immuni dei bioactives in colostro.

Playford, RJ, ed altri. Il colostro del bovino è un supplemento di alimento dietetico che impedisce danni dell'intestino indotti NSAID. Intestino 44:653-658 (1999). Anche se le droghe antinfiammatorie non-steroidali (NSAIDs) sono molto efficaci nel controllo del dolore unito nell'artrite, il loro uso inoltre causa danni significativi ed a volte mortali, gastrointestinali. Il completamento con colostro, tuttavia, significativamente ha ridotto e guarito ferite provocate da NSAIDs.

Playford, RJ, ed altri. la Co-gestione del supplemento di alimento dietetico, colostro del bovino, riduce l'aumento droga-indotto antinfiammatorio non-steroidale acuto nella permeabilità intestinale. Scienza Clinica 100:627-633 (2001). Un altro studio da Dr. Playford sulla capacità di colostro di impedire danni dovuto uso di NSAID. Questo studio ha indicato che il colostro inoltre impedisce un aumento nella permeabilità gastrointestinale dovuto uso di NSAID, mentre l'uso di NSAID da solo senza colostro causa un aumento nella permeabilità.

Goldman, asse, ed altri. Proprietà antinfiammatorie di latte umano. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). I componenti antinfiammatori principali trovati in latte umano (e colostro del bovino) includono le antiproteasi, lattoferrina, lisozima, IgA secretivo ed un certo numero di antiossidanti, compreso cisteina, l'ascorbato, il alfa-tocoferolo ed il beta-carotene.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, Es. Il colostro umano ha attività antinfiammatoria in un modello sottocutaneo del sacchetto dell'aria del ratto di infiammazione. Ricerca Pediatrica 34(2):208-212 (1993). Nei sacchetti sottocutanei usando di modello dell'aria dell'animale da laboratorio in ratti, il colostro ha mostrato l'attività antinfiammatoria significativa.

Buescher, Es, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. I ricevitori solubili dell'fattore-alfa di necrosi del tumore (TNF-alfa) in colostro e latte umani si legano all'TNF-alfa e neutralizzano la bioattività dell'TNF-alfa. Ricerca Pediatrica 44(1):37-42 (1998). La capacità di colostro di modulare la risposta infiammatoria è unica. Uno dei sensi in cui fa questo è attraverso le proteine del ricevitore di TNF-a, che sono trovate in colostro. Questi si legano a TNF-a, che inattiva il TNF-a. TNF-a è l'attivatore di intera cascata infiammatoria, in modo da controllando la relativa attività, il colostro controlla il grado della risposta infiammatoria e può chiuderlo fuori complessivamente.

Britigan, È, ed altri. Il ruolo di lattoferrina come molecola antinfiammatoria. Avanzamenti nella medicina e nella biologia sperimentali 357:143-156 (1994). Mentre il ruolo di lattoferrina nel fornire l'immunità di non-specifico è documentato bene, inoltre svolge un ruolo nella risposta antinfiammatoria con il relativo effetto antiossidante.

Conneely, OM. Attività antinfiammatorie di lattoferrina. Giornale dell'università americana di nutrizione 20(Suppl. 5):389S-395S (2001). La lattoferrina inibisce la produzione infiammatoria cutanea di cytokine e funge da proteina antinfiammatoria potente ai luoghi locali di infiammazione, compreso i tratti gastrointestinali respiratori e.

Shigenaga, Mk, ed altri. Danni ossidativi e deperimento mitocondriale nell'invecchiamento. Atti dell'Accademia nazionale delle scienze S.U.A. 91(23):10771-10778 (1994). La fonte principale di danni ossidativi è ossidanti generati dai mitocondri nelle cellule del corpo. La funzione mitocondriale declina con l'età, compreso fluidità diminuita della membrana, perdita del protone attraverso la membrana mitocondriale interna e fa diminuire i livelli di cardiolipin, un lipido importante che sostiene il funzionamento delle proteine nella membrana mitocondriale interna.

Kurz, DJ, ed altri. Lo sforzo ossidativo cronico compromette l'integrità del telomere ed accelera l'inizio della senescenza in cellule endothelial umane. Giornale di scienza 117 delle cellule:2417-2426 (2004). Lo sforzo ossidativo dovuto l'accumulazione dei sottoprodotti di ossidazione è stato collegato all'inizio della senescenza delle cellule in cellule allineantesi del vaso sanguigno da integrità d'interruzione del telomere. Telomeres è "unisce" dei cromosomi, la lunghezza di cui determina il numero di divisioni che delle cellule una cellula può subire prima di raggiungere il relativo limite. Il glutatione, un antiossidante naturale potente, è cruciale nell'integrità effettuante del telomere.

Borissenko, M.. Glutatione: Un antiossidante potente trovato in colostro. NZMP Agosto Del 2002. Sia il glutatione che i relativi predecessori chimici sono presenti in grande quantità in colostro. Poichè il glutatione non è assorbito direttamente, la produzione del glutatione nel corpo può essere compiuta soltanto dal completamento con i relativi antecedenti, cistina, glicina ed acido glutammico, che sono abbondanti in colostro.

Buescher, Es, McIlheran, MP. Proprietà antiossidanti di colostro umano. Ricerca Pediatrica 24(1):14-19 (1988). Il colostro riduce il ferricytochrome C in leucociti polimorfonucleari (PMNs) ed inoltre interrompe altre attività metaboliche ed enzimatiche di PMNs che sono cruciali nella mediazione respiratoria di burst di PMN di infiammazione acuta, indicanti che il colostro è un antiossidante potente.

Buescher, Es, McIlheran, MP. Antiossidanti colostrali: separazione e una descrizione di due attività in colostro umano. Giornale di gastroenterologia e di nutrizione pediatriche 14(1):47-56 (1992). Il colostro interferisce con la produzione dei prodotti respiratori di burst di PMN in due sensi, ascorbato ed acido urico.

Boldogh, I, ed altri. Modulazione di 4HNE-mediated che segnala dai peptidi prolina-ricchi da colostro ovino. Giornale di neuroscienza molecolare 20(2):125-134 (2003). Colostrinin giù regola la perossidazione del lipido, inibisce lo svuotamento del glutatione e riduce i livelli intracellulari delle specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS). Ciò è un nuovo senso che il colostro dimostra l'attività antiossidante.

Wakabayashi, H, ed altri. Inibizione di perossidazione del lipido di iron/ascorbate-induced da un peptide del N-terminale della lattoferrina del bovino e dei relativi derivati acilati. Bioscience, Biotecnologia, Biochimica 63(5):955-957 (1999). La lattoferrina inoltre svolge un ruolo antiossidante importante in colostro impedendo la perossidazione del lipido.

Satue-Gracia, la TA, ed altri. Lattoferrina nelle formule infantili: effetto su ossidazione. Giornale di agricoltura e di chimica alimentare 48(10):4984-4990 (2000). Le formule infantili commercialmente modificate basate sul latte della mucca hanno significativamente meno lattoferrina che il latte intero e le formule della soia non ne contengono, anche se la lattoferrina funge da proteina del trasportatore del ferro. Aggiungendo la lattoferrina alle formule infantili provoca il beneficio doppio di assorbimento aumentato del ferro e funge da antiossidante ed antimicrobico per prolungare la durata a magazzino delle formule.

Berk LS, CC di Nieman, W di Youngberg, ed altri. (1989) l'effetto di resistenza lunga che funziona sulle cellule di assassino naturali in marathoners. Medicina e scienza negli sport e nell'esercitazione. 22:207-212.

Buckley JD, ed altri. Effetto di un supplemento orale del colostro del bovino intact sulle prestazioni correnti.Estratto da: un congresso dei 1998 australiani di scienza e di medicina nello sport, Adelaide, Australia del sud, ottobre del 1998.

Burke La E. (1996) colostro come un rinforzatore ed aiuto atletici per il AIDS. Notizie Di Scienza Di Nutrizione.

Clark J. (1996) usi del fosfato della creatina e del completamento della creatina per l'atleta. Prospettiva scientifica e clinica.

Mero A, ed altri. (1997) effetti del completamento del colostro del bovino sul siero IGF-1, IgG, ormone e saliva IgA durante l'addestramento. Giornale di fisiologia applicata. 83:1144-1151.

PB Dello Sparling, CC Di Nieman, O'Connor PJ. (1993) funzioni scientifiche selezionate di corsa di maratona: un aggiornamento sul rimontaggio fluido, sulla funzione immune, sui fattori psicologici e sulla differenza di genere. Medicina Di Sport. 15:116-132.

Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, PA Di Verstappen., Sport Interno Nutr Exerc Metab Di J. 2002 Dec;12(4):461-9. Articoli relativi, l'effetto del completamento del colostro del bovino sulle prestazioni di esercitazione nei giocatori del hockey del campo dell'elite. Ricerca Di Numico, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, Paesi Bassi.

Coombes JS, Conacher M., Austen SK, PA Del Marshall. Med Sci Mette in mostra Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7):1184-8. Articoli relativi, collegamenti, effetti della dose del colostro orale del bovino su caratteristiche operative fisiche in cyclists. Scuola degli studi umani del movimento, università de Queensland, st Lucia, Australia.

Mero, A.; Miikkulainen, H,; Riski, J,; Pakknen, R,; Aalto, J,; Takala, T. Effetti del completamento del colostro del bovino sul siero IGF-1, IgG, ormone e saliva IgA durante l'addestramento. Giornale di applicato, fisiologia. 83(4):1144-1151, aprile del 1997.

J Buckley *, m. Abbott, S Martin, G Brinkworth & P Whyte, astratto da: un congresso dei 1998 australiani di scienza e di medicina nello sport, Adelaide, Australia del sud, ottobre del 1998. Effetto di un supplemento orale del colostro del bovino (TM intatto) sulle prestazioni correnti. Centro per ricerca nella formazione e nella scienza di sport, università de Australia del sud.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Reparto. di pediatria, di scienze università di salute dell'Oregon, di Portland, O, i meccanismi da cui l'ormone di sviluppo determina lo sviluppo. I contributi relativi dell'ormone di sviluppo ed insulina-come i fattori di sviluppo. Nord 1996 Di Endocrinol Metab Clin Settembre; (3):615-31.

Liu JL, LeRoith D, ramo clinico di endocrinologia, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulina-come il fattore I di sviluppo è essenziale per sviluppo postnatale in risposta all'ormone di sviluppo. Endocrinologia 1999 Novembre; 140(11):5178-84.

Maggiordomo aa, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas m., Okubo Y, LeRoith D, ramo del diabete, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulina-come il transduction del segnale del ricevitore di fattore-Io di sviluppo: all'interfaccia fra fisiologia e biologia delle cellule.Pagina 3, Dei Comp. Di Biochimica Physiol B Di Biol 1998 Di Biochimica Mol Settembre; 121(1):19-26.

Hwa V, OH Y, Rosenfeld RG, Reparto. di pediatria, di scienze università di salute dell'Oregon, di Portland, O, insulina-come il superfamily obbligatorio della proteina di fattore di sviluppo (IGFBP). Dicembre 1999 Di Rev. Di Endocr; 20(6):761-87.

Buckley, J., ed altri. "il completamento orale con il colostro del bovino aumenta le prestazioni verticali di salto."si è presentato al quarto congresso annuale dell'università europea della scienza di sport, Roma 14-17 luglio, del 1999.

Mero, A., ed altri. "effetti del completamento del colostro del bovino sul siero IGF-I, IgG, ormone e saliva IgA durante l'addestramento."J Appl Physiol, 1997;83(4):144-1151.

Wu, A.H. & Perryman, M..B. "applicazioni cliniche degli enzimi e delle proteine del muscolo."Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4(6):815-820.

Antonio, J, ed altri. Gli effetti del completamento del colostro del bovino sulla composizione nel corpo e sulle prestazioni di esercitazione in uomini ed in donne attivi. Nutrizione 17(3):243-247 (2001). Attivamente addestrando gli atleti maschii e femminili sono stati dati il completamento o il placebo del colostro per un periodo di 8 settimane. Gli oggetti che ricevono il colostro ma non il placebo hanno mostrato un aumento nella massa magra del corpo.

Brinkworth, GD, ed altri. Effetto del completamento del colostro del bovino sulla composizione delle membra addestrate e non addestrate di resistenza in giovani in buona salute. Giornale europeo di fisiologia applicata 9(11):53-60 (2004). Il colostro del bovino o la proteina del siero di latte è stata data ai giovani che erano nell'addestramento o non nell'addestramento. Quelli nel gruppo di addestramento che ha ricevuto il colostro hanno mostrato un aumento significativamente più grande sia nella circonferenza superiore del braccio che nella sezione trasversale confrontate a quelle che ricevono il siero di latte, mentre coloro che non era nell'addestramento non hanno mostrato cambiamento.

Buckley, JD, ed altri. Effetto del colostro del bovino sulle prestazioni anaerobiche di esercitazione e del plasma insulina-come il fattore I di sviluppo. Giornale di scienza di sport 21(7):577-588 (2003). Gli atleti nell'addestramento sono stati dati il colostro o il placebo del bovino per 8 settimane. Quelli che ricevono il colostro hanno mostrato un aumento significativo nell'alimentazione anaerobica peak sopra placebo.

Coombes, JS, ed altri. Dosi gli effetti del colostro orale del bovino su caratteristiche operative fisiche in cyclists. Medicina e scienza negli sport e nell'esercitazione 34(7):1184-1188 (2002). Gli studi di dosaggio fatti sui cyclists di addestramento hanno mostrato un piccolo ma miglioramento significativo nelle prove di tempo alle dosi di 20 g o di 60 g/day.

Hofman, Z, ed altri. L'effetto del completamento del colostro del bovino sulle prestazioni di esercitazione nei giocatori del hockey del campo dell'elite. Giornale internazionale di nutrizione di sport e del metabolismo di esercitazione 12(4):461-469 (2002). Il completamento del colostro nei giocatori del hockey del campo dell'elite, sia maschio che femmina, ha provocato le prestazioni migliorate di Sprint sopra placebo.

Nieman, CC, ed altri. Il complemento e l'immunoglobulina livella in atleti e nei comandi sedentary. Giornale internazionale della medicina di sport 10(2):124-128 (1989). I livelli di anima dei complementi C3 e C4 ma non delle immunoglobuline sono diminuito durante i periodi di riposo, dell'esercitazione massima classificata e del recupero in corridori lunghissimi.

Nieman, CC, ed altri. Gli effetti di lungo-resistenza che funzionano sui parametri del sistema immune ed il linfocita funzionano in marathoners con esperienza. Giornale internazionale della medicina di sport 10(5):317-323 (1989). I corridori lunghissimi avvertono una rottura della funzione immune normale dopo il funzionamento delle distanze lunghe, una circostanza che rinvia ai livelli normali che seguono 21 ora del recupero.

Berk, LS, ed altri. L'effetto di resistenza lunga che funziona sulle cellule di assassino naturali in marathoners. Medicina e scienza negli sport e nell'esercitazione 22(2):207-212 (1990). Una diminuzione significativa nelle popolazioni delle cellule di assassino naturali è stata vista in corridori lunghissimi che seguono tre ore dell'esercitazione massima con il recupero completo dei livelli di pre-esercitazione entro 21 ora. Ciò ha correlato con gli aumenti nei livelli del cortisol durante l'esercitazione.

Sparling, PB, ed altri. Funzioni scientifiche selezionate di corsa lunghissima. Un aggiornamento sul rimontaggio fluido, sulla funzione immune, sui fattori psicologici e sulla differenza di genere. Medicina Di Sport 15(2):116-132 (1993). I cambiamenti negativi al sistema immune durante il funzionamento di distanza lunga aumentano le probabilità delle infezioni respiratorie superiori in questi atleti per un periodo che segue l'esercitazione. La nutrizione adeguata, resto ed adatto sufficienti recupera fra i workouts come pure altre misure possono diminuire il rischio.

Burke, ER. Colostro come un rinforzatore ed aiuto atletici per il AIDS. Le Notizie Di Scienza Di Nutrizione Possono, 1996. Mentre l'intestino incapace di ritenere è di preoccupazione a tutto, è particolarmente così per gli atleti che devono utilizzare tutte le sostanze nutrienti che prendono dentro ed impediscono l'infezione quando i loro sistemi immuni sono alterati dopo l'esercitazione. Molti atleti soffrono la sindrome irritable delle viscere come conseguenza di digestione incompleta dei supplementi della proteina. Il ruolo del colostro-derivato di insulina-come sviluppo factor-1 (IGF-1), il fattore epidermico di sviluppo (EGF), il fattore piastrina-derivato di sviluppo (PDGF) e lo sviluppo di trasformazione fattore-beta (TGF-ss) in intestino incapace di ritenere healing sono esplorati.

Buckley, JD, ed altri. Il completamento del colostro del bovino durante l'addestramento corrente di resistenza migliora il recupero, ma non le prestazioni. Giornale di scienza e di medicina nello sport 5(2):65-79 (2002). Mentre il completamento con il colostro del bovino non aumenta i livelli di IGF-1 nell'anima o nelle prestazioni iniziali, le prestazioni in un secondo tondo dell'esercitazione migliorano significativamente.

Truffatori, C, ed altri. Il completamento del colostro del bovino aumenta i livelli dello s-IGA in corridori di distanza: uno studio basato sugli atleti nell'addestramento per la maratona 2002 di Rotorua. Ricerca non pubblicata. I corridori lunghissimi nell'addestramento sono stati dati il colostro o il placebo del bovino per 12 settimane in un doppio studio cieco. Quelli nel gruppo del colostro hanno mostrato sensibilmente più di IgA secretivo (s-IgA) in loro saliva che il gruppo del placebo o i comandi sedentary. Il gruppo del colostro inoltre ha segnalato un tasso significativamente più basso delle infezioni respiratorie superiori (URI) durante questo periodo.

Kasemkijwattana, C, ed altri. Uso dei fattori di sviluppo migliorare muscolo che healing dopo la ferita di sforzo. Orthopedics Clinico 370:272-285 (2000). Le lesioni del muscolo, quali gli sforzi, sono comuni in atleti. L'uso dei fattori di sviluppo, quale IGF-1, nel trattare tali lesioni è esplorato.

Molloy, T, ed altri. I ruoli dei fattori di sviluppo in tendine ed in legamento che healing. Medicina Di Sport 33(5):381-394 (2003). I ruoli di cinque fattori differenti di sviluppo, di IGF-1, di TGF-ss, del fattore endothelial vascolare di sviluppo (VEGF), del fattore piastrina-derivato di sviluppo (PDGF) e del fattore di base di sviluppo del fibroblasto (bFGF), nelle lesioni healing del legamento e del tendine è esplorato. Ciascuno svolge un ruolo differente ma vitale nel processo.

Sato, K, ed altri. Miglioramento del muscolo che healing con l'aumento di rigenerazione del muscolo e la prevenzione di fibrosi. Muscolo & Nervo 28(3):355-372 (2003). IGF-1 può migliorare la rigenerazione del muscolo in muscolo danneggiato.

Liang, L, ed altri. [ effetto dei cytokines sulla riparazione della ferita del tendine ] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi (cinese) 14(5):283-285 (2000). Cytokines, quali i fattori di sviluppo, latta accelera la riparazione del tendine.

Mero, A, ed altri. Risposte di IGF-I, di IgA e di IgG al completamento del colostro del bovino durante l'addestramento. Giornale di fisiologia applicata 93(2):732-739 (2002). Il completamento del colostro aumenta i livelli di IGF-1 e di IgA negli atleti di addestramento, ma il IGF-1 nel colostro non è assorbito intact.

Kuipers, H, ed altri. Gli effetti del completamento orale del colostro del bovino sul siero insulina-come il fattore-Io di sviluppo livella. Nutrizione 18(7-8):165-172 (2002). Uno studio per il comitato olimpico internazionale non ha mostrato aumento nei livelli IGF-1 o IGF-bp3 di anima dopo un tempo di 4 settimane.

Zimecki, m., ed altri. Effetto di un polipeptide prolina-ricco (PRP) sullo sviluppo dell'anemia emolitica e sulla sopravvivenza dei mouse di nero della Nuova Zelanda (NZB). Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991). Colostrinin (PRP) ha aumentato la sopravvivenza in mouse suscettibili dell'anemia emolitica, una malattia autoimmune. È supposto il colostrinin induce le cellule del soppressore che ritardano lo sviluppo della malattia. Ciò suggerisce che il colostrinin può avere valore terapeutico nelle malattie autoimmuni trattanti.

Maggiordomo, J. E. Immunoglobuline delle secrezioni mammarie. Capitolo Cinque. in: Lattazione: Un Trattato Completo. Volume. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson e V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Pressa accademica. New York. 1974.

Christopher-Hennings-Hennings, J., ed altri., lmmunocompromise in maiali gnotobiotici indotti da Escherichia coli verotoxin-producente (Olll:Nm). Infetti. Immun. 1993. 61: p. 2304-2308.

Doyle, P. S. Gli anticorpi di Anti-Cryptosporiduim inibiscono l'infettuosità in vitro ed in 9 vivo. Infezione ed immunità 61(10):4079-4084. Ottobre. 1993.

Ho, P.C.e Lawton, J.W.M.. Cellule colostrali umane: Fagocitosi ed uccisione della E. Coli e C. Albicans. Il giornale di pediatria. Volume. 93. No. 6. pp. 910-915.

Kim, K., ed altri., in vitro ed attività neutralizzante in vivo di colostro e di latte umani contro le tossine purificate A e B del clostridio difficile. T. Infetti. Dis. 1985. 150: p. 57-61.

Majumdar, A. S., ed altri., proprietà protettive degli anticorpi del anti-colera in colostro umano. Infetti. Immun. 1982. 36:p. 962965.

McClead, R., ed altri., resistenza della tossina IgG del anti-colera del bovino a proteolisi in vitro ed in vivo. Pedia. Ricerca. 1982.6: p. 227-231.

Morris, J. A., ed altri., protezione passiva degli agnelli contro Escherichia coli enteropatogenico: Ruolo degli anticorpi in siero e colostro. T. Med. Microbiologia.1980. 13: p. 265-271.

Spik, G., ed altri., bacteriostasis di uno sforzo latte-sensibile della E. le immunoglobuline del coli e le proteine ferro-legantesi si sono associate con colostro. Immunologia. 1981. 35: p. 663-670.

Wada, N., ed altri., attività neutralizzante contro le tossine difficile del clostridio nei supernatants delle cellule colostrali coltivate. Infetti. Immun.. 1980.29: p. 545-550.

Watzl, B., ed altri., aumento di resistenza al parvum di Cryptosporidium dal colostro riunito del bovino durante l'infezione retroviral murina. . T. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993. 48(4): p. 519-523.

Funatogawa K, Ido T, Kirikae F, Saruta K, Nakano M., Kirikae T. Microbiologia Immunol. 2002;46(11):761-6. Gli articoli relativi, i collegamenti, uso dell'immunoglobulina hanno arricchito il colostro del bovino contro la sfida orale con Escherichia coli enterohaemorrhagic O157:H7 in mouse. Ufficio Di Controllo Diretto Del sud Dei Prodotti a base di carne, Tochigi, Tochigi 328-0033, Giappone.

Seifert J, Molkewehrum M., Oesser S, Nebermann L, Schulze C. Ricerca Di Eur Surg. 2002 Gennaio-Apr;34(1-2):68-72. Articoli relativi, collegamenti, inattivazione dell'endotossina da colostro enterally applicato di composizione differente. Ricerca chirurgica, reparto di chirurgia ed ambulatorio toracico, Kiel, Germania.

Bolke E, Jehle Pm, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M., Orth K., scossa. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12. Applicazione orale relativa degli articoli, di collegamenti, di Preoperative del latte immunoglobulina-arricchito del colostro e risposta del mediatore durante l'ambulatorio addominale. Reparto di chirurgia, università di Ulm, Germania.

Em Di Lilius, Marnila P. Curr Opin Infetta Dis. 2001 Jun;14(3):295-300. Articoli relativi, collegamenti, il ruolo degli anticorpi colostrali nella prevenzione delle infezioni microbiche. Reparto di biochimica e chimica alimentare, università di Turku, Turku, Finlandia.

Graczyk Tk, SIG. Di Cranfield, Bostwick EF., J Parasitol. 2000 Jun;86(3):631-2. Articoli relativi, collegamenti, trattamento riuscito del colostro del bovino del hyperimmune dei video della savanna (exanthematicus di Varanus) infettati con lo PS di Cryptosporidium. Reparto di microbiologia e di immunologia molecolari, scuola dell'igiene e sanità pubblica, università di Johns Hopkins, Baltimora, Maryland 21205, S.U.A..

Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, DH Di Busch, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4):452-6. Gli articoli relativi, i collegamenti, colostro del bovino migliora la diarrea nell'infezione con Escherichia coli diarrheagenic, lo shiga E tossinogena. Coli ed E. coli che esprime intimin ed emolisina. Ospedale dei bambini, l'università di Wurzburg, Germania.

Bitzan, M..M..; Oro, B.D.; Philpott, D.J.; Huesca, M..; Sherman, P.M..; Karch, H.; Lissner, R.; Lingwood, C.A.; Karmali, M..A.; Inibizione di pylori di Helicobacter e di mustelae di Helicobactor che si legano ai ricevitori del lipido dal colostro del bovino. Il giornale delle malattie contagiose. 177:955-961, aprile del 1998.

TH Di Casswall, Sarker Sa, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M., Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12(6):563-8. Articoli relativi, collegamenti, trattamento dell'infezione dei pylori di Helicobacter in infanti in Bangladesh rurale con le immunoglobuline orali dal colostro del bovino del hyperimmune. Reparto delle scienze cliniche, ospedale di Huddinge, istituto di Karolinska, Svezia.

Bitzan Millimetro, Oro BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M., Sherman Pm, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood Ca, Karmali MA. J Infetta Dis. 1998 Apr;177(4):955-61. Articoli relativi, collegamenti, inibizione di pylori di Helicobacter e di mustelae di Helicobacter che si legano ai ricevitori del lipido dal colostro del bovino. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):276-83. Related Articles, Links, Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Flanigan T, Marshall R, Redman D, Kaetzel C, Ungar B. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):225S-227S. Related Articles, Links, In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Mukoyama A. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;65(1):54-60. Related Articles, Links,[Bacteriostatic activity of bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health.

Stephan W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 Jan;28(1):19-23. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Biotest Pharma GmbH, Forschungsabteilung, Frankfurt.

Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3. Related Articles, Links, Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Opdebeeck JP, Norcross NL. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Jul;46(7):1561-4. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus.

McClead RE, Gregory SA. Infect Immun. 1984 May;44(2):474-8. Related Articles, Links, Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis.

McClead RE, Butler T, Rabbani GH. (1988) Orally Administered Bovine Colostral Anti-Cholera Toxin Antibodies: Results of Two Clinical Trials. The American Journal of Medicine. 85:811-816

Michalek SM, McGhee JR. (1977) Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to streptococcus mutans elicits protection. Infection and Immunity. 17:644-650.

Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.

Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Bovine colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens.

Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens.

Korhonen, H. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78:655-662 (1995). The antibody-complement system found in bovine colostrum was also found to be bactericidal against H. pylori.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78(6):655-662 (1995). Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers in humans. Serum and colostrum from non-immunized Friesian cows were found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori. Post-colostral milk did not show any bactericidal effect against H. pylori.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998). H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.

Wada, T, et al. The therapeutic effect of bovine lactoferrin in the host infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 34(3):238-243 (1999). Mice infected with H. pylori were given a daily dose of bovine lactoferrin for 2-4 weeks. Their intestines were then examined for bacterial content. Numbers of H. pylori were reduced to 10% of pre-lactoferrin levels and greatly decreased the numbers of H. pylori bound to the intestinal wall. Serum antibody titer to H. pylori were reduced to practically zero, indicating that the immune response of the host was no longer recognizing H. pylori infection. Therefore it was deduced that lactoferrin has a direct antibacterial effect on H. pylori infection and prevents binding of the pathogen to the intestinal lining.

Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002). Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.

Lilius, EM, Marnila, P. The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14(3): 295-300 (2001) . Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer's patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother's colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Masson, PL, et al. An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clinica Chemica Acta 14:735 (1966). Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of siderophilic (iron-loving) bacteria and Candida albicans.

Gross, Neil; Carey, John; Hamilton, Joan. "Quiet Strides in the War on Cancer," Business Week. February 6:150, 1995.

Lidbeck, A.; Allinger, U. G.; Orrhage, K. M.; Ottova, L.; Brismar, B.; Gustafsson, J. A.; Rafter, J.; Nord, C. E. "Impact of Lactobacillus Acidophilus Supplements on the Fecal Microflora and Soluble Fecal Bile Acids in Colon Cancer Patients," Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 4:81-8, 1991.

Lidbeck, A.; Nord, C. E.; Gustafsson, J. A.; Rafter, J. "Lactobacilli, Anticarcinogenic Activities and Human Intestinal Microflora," Eur J Cancer Prev. 1:341-353, 1992.

Shahani, K. et al, Antitumor activity of fermented colostrum and milk 01-May-83 - Investigated the effect of feeding fresh colostrum and colostrum cultured with either L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus or yoghurt starter on the proliferation of ascites tumor cells.

Parodi, PW. Cows' milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. Journal of Nutrition 127(6):1055-1060 (1997). Including dairy products in the diet has been shown to lessen the chance of developing cancer. One of the ways dairy products accomplish this is through the anticarcinogenic properties of several milk fats, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), sphingomyelin, butyric acid and ether lipids. Cows also have the ability to absorb anticarcinogenic compounds, such as beta-carotene, beta-ionone and gossypol, from their feed and include them in their milk.

Parodi, PW. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat. 82:1339-1349 (1999) CLA in even small amounts has a potent anticarcinogenic effect, as does sphingomyelin. Other components of milk with anticarcinogenic activity include butyric acid, ether lipids, beta-carotene and vitamins A and D.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76:183-190 (2000).

Zoltan P. Rona, M.D., M.Sc., Bovine Colostrum Emerges as Immunity Modulator, March 1998, American Journal of Natural Medicine)

Inglot, A.D., et al. "Colostrinine: a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum is a modest cytokine inducer in human leukocytes." Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Wasz), 1996;44(4):215-224.

Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine colostrinine (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor product by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis (Warsaw) 45(1):43-47 (1997). Colostrinin stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interferon-beta (INF-ß), both important cytokines in the inflammatory response.

Bocci, V, et al. What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biologic Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents 5(4):121-124 (1991). The cytokines present in colostrum, such as TNF-a, interferon-?, IL-1 and IL-6, have an immunostimulatory effect. This could be significant for aged people or others with immunodeficiency.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

Bogdan, C, Nathan, C. Modulation of macrophage function by transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 685:713-739 (1993). Certain cytokines found in colostrum, TGF-ß, IL-4 and IL-10, have a modulatory effect on macrophages, either stimulating or deactivating them as conditions dictate.

Feldmann, M, et al. Cytokines in autoimmune disorders. International Review of Immunology 17(1-4)217-228 (1998). Cytokines are important protein mediators of immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, fibrosis, and so forth, in other words, all the major biological processes which underlie autoimmune disorders. Modulating the effects of these cytokines, particularly TNF-a, can result in amelioration of the symptoms of the disorders.

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Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, et al. (1998) Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobactor mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961.

Blum J, Hadorn U, Sallmann H, and Schuep W. (1997) Delaying colostrum intake by one day impairs plasma lipid, essential fatty acid, carotene, retinal and a-tocopherol status in neonatal calves. American Society for Nutritional Sciences.

Cavalli-Sforza LT, Strata A. (1987) Double-blind study on the tolerance of four types of milk in lactose malabsorbers. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition. 40C:19-30.

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Efigenia M, Povoa B, Moraes-Santos T. (1997) Effect of heat treatment on the nutritional quality of milk proteins. International Dairy Journal. 7:609-612.

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Joseph M. and Flesch A. (1998) Research shows colostrum to be one of nature's most potent, broad-spectrum substances. Chiropractic Journal.

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Kume S, Tanabe S. (1993) Effect of parity on colostral mineral concentrations of holstein cows and value of colostrum as a mineral source for newborn calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 76:1654-1660.

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McConnell MA, Brooks HJL, Borissenko MB, Buchan GA. A comparative study of immunoglobulin levels and anti-inflammatory activity in four milk products. Journal of Dairy Science. Publication forthcoming.

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Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in colostrum, including anti-polio antibody.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via colostrum.

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 -915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001) Interleukin-1ß in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, et al. (1998) Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961.

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McGauley GA (1987) Abnormal intestinal permeability: An aetiological factor in chronic psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 150:853-856.

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Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

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Rooney, P.J>; Jenkins, R.T.; Buchanan, W.W. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint diseases. Clinical and Experimental Rhuematalogy. 8:75-83, 1990.

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Batash, S., et al. Intestinal permeability in HIV infection: proper controls are necessary (letter). American Journal of Gastroenterology. 87:680, 1992.

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Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Gastroenterology. 1984 Aug;87(2):379-85. Related Articles, Links, A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid. Studies in adult and suckling rats.

Pironi, L.; et al. "Relationship Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Activity in Asymptomatic Patients with Crohn's Diseasse," Dig. Dis. Sci. 35(5):582-588, 1990.

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Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Bühler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Unpublished research (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Rooney, PJ, et al. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 8:75-83 (1990). The connection between increased permeability of the intestines and inflammatory arthritis is examined. The gut is the likely source of the antigens which cause inflammatory arthritis.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere's Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

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Harmsen MC, Swart PJ, de Bethune MP, et al. (1995) Antiviral effects of plasma and mild proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 172:380-388.

Hasegawa K, Motsuchi W, Tanaka S, Dosako S. (1994) Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Jpn. Journal of Sci. Biol. 47:73-85.

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Masaaki I, and et al. (1999) Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 17:35-40.

Mikogami T. (1995) Effect of intracellular iron depletion by picolinic acid on expression of the lactoferrin receptor in the human colon carcinoma cell sub-clone HT29-18-C1. Biochemistry Journal. 308:391-397.

Petschow B, Talbott R, Batema R. (1999) Ability of lactoferrin to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in vitro is independent of recptor binding capacity and iron saturation level. Journal of Microbiology. 48:541-549.

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Saito H, Miyakawa H, Tamura Y, Shimamura S, Tomita M. (1991) Potent bactericidal activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate produced by heat treatment at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3724-3730.

Shin K, Yamauchi K, Teraguchi S, et al. (1998) Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin and its peptides against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 26:407-411.

Thaler C, Labarrer C, Hunt J, McIntyre J, Faulk P. (1999) Unique epitopes of lactoferrin expressed in human cytotrophoblasts involved in immunologic reactions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):460-7.

Viani RM, Gutteberg TJ, Lathey JL, Spector SA. (1999) Lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro and exhibits synergy when combined with zidovudine. AIDS. 13:1273-4.

Vorland L, Ulvatne H, Andersen J, et al. (1999) Antibacterial effects of lactoferricin B. Scandinavian Journal of Infected Disease. 31:179-184.

Zagulski T, Jarzabek Z, Zagulska A, Zimecki M. (1998) The main systemic, highly effective mechanisms generated by lactoferrin in mammals in vitro. Advances in Lactoferrin Research. 443:247-50.

Yamauchi K, Tomita M, Giehl TJ, Ellison RT. Antibacterial activity of lactoferrin and a pepsin-derived lactoferrin peptide fragment. Infection and Immunity. 61:719-728, 1993.

Bellamy, W., et al. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 73:472-479, 1992.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.

van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.

Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.

Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).

Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.

Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000). Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.

Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000). The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.

Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999). Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.

Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999). Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.

Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutrition and Cancer 38(2):192-199 (2000). A similar study on the protective effects of lactoferrin supplementation on protecting from lung metastasis in experimentally induced colon cancer. In addition to the increase in cytotoxic cells seen in other studies, there was also an increase in IL-18 production in the intestinal epithelium, suggesting it plays a role in mediating the inhibition of the cancers.

Tsuda, H, et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin. Mutation Research 462(2-3):227-233 (2000). In addition to the protection provided by lactoferrin against the development of cancers, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) also plays an inhibitory role on cancer development.

Tsuda, H, et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms--a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):131-136 (2002). Lactoferrin supplementation in experimental animal models of colon cancer show that it also suppre