続くことはColostrum の効力に関してペーパーへの参照である*:

LeFranc-Millot C 、Vercaigne-Marko D 、Wal J 。 - M 、等。 (1996) 牛のようなcolostral G の免疫グロブリンへのIgE の力価およびミルクにアレルギー患者の血清のF(ab')2 片の比較。 内部アーチのアレルギーImmunol 。 110:156-162 。

Savilahti E 、Tainio VM 、Salmenpera L 、Arjomaa P 、Kallio M 、Perheentupa J 、Siimes MA 。 (1991) 低いcolostral IgA は牛乳のアレルギーと関連付けた。 Acta のPediatr スキャン。 80:1207-1213 年。

Selo I 、温厚なG 、Bernard H 、等。 (1999) 牛のようなB ラクトグロブリンへのアレルギー: tryptic ペプチッドへの人間のIgE の特定性。 臨床及び実験アレルギー。 29:1055-1063 年。

Delespesse 、G 。 ポリペプチドはcolostrum から考慮する。 米国は#5,371,073 (1994 年) の特許を取る。 アレルギーを扱うのにIgE (アレルギーの応答にかかわる免疫グロブリン) の結合の要因が(IgE-bf) およびcolostrum から得られるIgE のサプレッサーは活動(IgE-SF) 首尾よく使用されていた。

Collins 、AM 、等。 牛のようなミルクは、低温殺菌されたミルクを含んで、人にとつての臨床重要性のアレルゲンに対して指示される抗体を含んでいる。 アレルギー及び応用免疫学96 の国際的なアーカイブ:362-367 (1991 年) 。 人の共通のアレルギーの多数に対する抗体の存在は、ryegrass の花粉、家の塵のダニ、コウジカビ型および飴を含んで牛のようなcolostrum で、検出された。

Elrod 、KC 、等。 Lactoferrin 、有効なtryptase の抑制剤、アレルギーのヒツジの廃止された遅段階の航空路の応答。 呼吸の重大な心配の薬156 のアメリカジャーナル:375-381 (1997 年) 。 Tryptase の消化が良い酵素はbronchoconstriction 及び航空路のhyperreactivity を含む喘息の様々な面で、関係した。 従ってtryptase の活動を禁じるためにLactoferrin は示され喘息の徴候を取り除く。

Goldman 、AS 、等。 人間のミルクの炎症抑制の特性。 Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986 年) 。 人間のミルク(および牛のようなcolostrum で) 見つけられる主要な炎症抑制の部品はanti-proteases 、lactoferrin 、リゾチーム、分泌のIgA 、およびシステイン、アスコルビン酸塩、アルファトコフェロールおよびbeta-carotene を含むいくつかの酸化防止剤を、含んでいる。

Murphey 、DK 、Buescher 、ES 。 人間のcolostrum に発火のラットのsubcutaneous 空気袋モデルで炎症抑制の活動がある。 Pediatric 研究34(2):208-212 (1993 年) 。 ラットのsubcutaneous 空気袋を使用して実験動物モデルでは、colostrum は重要な炎症抑制の活動を示した。

Buescher 、ES 、McWilliams-Koeppen 、P 。 人間のcolostrum およびミルクの溶ける腫瘍の壊死の要因アルファ(TNF アルファ) の受容器はTNF アルファに結合し、TNF アルファのbioactivity を中和する。 Pediatric 研究44(1):37-42 (1998 年) 。 炎症性応答を調整するcolostrum の機能は独特である。 これをする方法の1 つはcolostrum にあるTNF-a の受容器蛋白質を通ってある。 これらはTNF-a を不活性にするTNF-a に結合する。 TNF-a は全体の炎症性滝の活性剤である、従って活動の制御によって、colostrum は炎症性応答のある程度を制御し、全体でそれを消すことができる。

"IgE が牛のようなcolostrum で見つけたことを臨床調査、Drs に従ってアレルギーの応答を調整する為に責任がある、" はかもしれない示す。 微生物学のTortora 、Funke および鋳造物。

アーチImmunol Ther Exp. (Warsz) 。 1999;47(6):377-85 。

Amaducci L 。 (1988) Alzheimer の病気の処置のPhosphatidylserine: 多中心の結果は調査する。 精神薬理学の報告。 24(1):130-4 。

Leszek J のInglot の広告、Janusz M 、Lisowski J 、Krukowska K 、Georgiades JA 。 (1999) Colostrinin: Alzheimer の病気の処置のためのOvine Colostrum から隔離されるプロリン豊富なポリペプチド(PRP) の複合体。 倍- 盲目の偽薬管理された調査。 Archivum Immunologiae とTherapiae Experimentalis 。 47(6):377-85 。

Leszek 、J 、等。 Colostrinin. のovine colostrum からのプロリン豊富なポリペプチドの複合体- Alzheimer の病気の効力の長期調査。 医学のモニター8(10):P193-P196 (2002 年) 。 より長期的な調査では、colostrinin は調査にかかわった患者の改善か安定を作り出した。

Amaducci 、L 、等。 Alzheimer の病気のphosphatidylserine の使用。 科学640 のニューヨークアカデミーの史料:245-249 (1991 年) 。 phosphatidylserine 、リン脂質の1 との補足はまたBIO 脂質で、作り出すAlzheimer の徴候の改善を見つけた。

TH 、屈折等。 年齢準の記憶減損のphosphatidylserine の効果。 神経学41(5):644-649 (1991 年) 。 年齢準の記憶減損の患者は12 週の期間にわたるphosphatidylserine の補足の記憶性能試験で重要な改善を示した。

屈折、T 、等。 Alzheimer の病気のphosphatidylserine の効果。 精神薬理学の報告28(1):61-66 (1992 年) 。 12 週にわたるphosphatidylserine の補足のAlzheimer の徴候で改善を示した別の調査。 より少ない減損、より大きい改善、提案する先にphosphatidylserine の補足が病気の間に始まれば、よりよい結果は。

十字、セリウム、等。 酸素基及び人間の病気。 内部薬107(4) の史料:526-545 (1987 年) 。 酸素の遊離基、正常な新陳代謝の副産物は発癌からこれらの条件の戦いの酸化防止剤の重要性を強調する老化まで及ぶ病気プロセスで、関係した。

Ames のBN. 、等。 老化のオキシダント、酸化防止剤、およびdegenerative 病気。 米国国家科学院の進行90(17):7915-7922 (1993 年) 。 新陳代謝のオキシダントの副産物はDNA 、蛋白質および脂質への重要な損害を与える。 この損傷は老化及び老化、癌のような、心循環器疾患、免疫組織の低下、頭脳の機能障害および激流と関連付けられるdegenerative 病気で起因する。 これらの病気に対する酸化防止防衛は食事療法の酸化防止剤の補足を要する年齢と低下する。

Ballard と。 Al 。 "蛋白質の故障の同化代理店の効果。"Biochem J 、1983;210:243-249:

Gil 、A 。 及びSanchez-Medina 、F 。 "授乳期の異なった段階の牛、ヤギおよびヒツジのミルクの酸の溶けるヌクレオチド。"酪農場の研究、1981;48 のジャーナル:35-44 。

Ullman 、等。 "古いラットの筋肉再生そしてIgF-1 集中の成長ホルモンの効果。"Acta Physiol Scand 、1990;140:521-525 。

Xian 、C 。J.、等。 "大人のラットの胃腸地域のIGF-1 の低下は特定の抗血清か食餌療法蛋白質のカゼインによって限られる。"内分泌学、1995;146 のジャーナル:215-225 。

Holbrook 、N 。J. 及びIkeyama 、S 。 "酸化圧力への細胞応答のAge-related 低下: 共通の欠陥の成長因子シグナリング細道へのリンク。"Biochem Pharmacol 、2002;64(5-6):999-1005 。

Playford 、R 。J.、等。 "健康食糧補足のCo 管理、牛のようなcolostrum は、腸の透磁率の激しいnonsteroidal 炎症抑制の薬剤引き起こされた増加を減らす。"Clin Sci (Lond) 、2001;100(6):627-633 。

化学及び生物化学のHellbrunner のStr の協会。 34, 5020 Salzburg 、オーストリア。 Univ 。- 教授。 Dr. アルバートDuschl 。

Elrod 、KC 、等。 Lactoferrin 、有効なtryptase の抑制剤、アレルギーのヒツジの廃止された遅段階の航空路の応答。 呼吸の重大な心配の薬156 のアメリカジャーナル:375-381 (1997 年) 。 Tryptase の消化が良い酵素はbronchoconstriction 及び航空路のhyperreactivity を含む喘息の様々な面で、関係した。 従ってtryptase の活動を禁じるためにLactoferrin は示され喘息の徴候を取り除く。

"牛のようなcolostrum の糖蛋白質は胃潰瘍を引き起こすHelicobacter の幽門の細菌の付属品を禁じる。 Colostrum はinterleukin-10 の重要な量を含んでいる、強い発火抑制的な代理人は関節炎の接合箇所の発火の減少で重要見つけ、傷害区域は、"Dr を書いた。 Olle Hernell 、Ulmea の大学、科学の雑誌のスウェーデンからの。

抗菌(Moldoveanu 、Zina 、等、"ミルクの抗菌性の特性; N のIgA の_ 過酸化酵素Peroxidase-Lactoferrin の相互作用の"史料。Y. 科学のアカデミー、(1983 年の) Vol. 。 409, 848-850 。

金、K 。 等、"感染症(1984 年の) Vol. のクロストリジウムのDifficle の浄化された毒素A 及びB に対する人間のColostrum そしてミルクのインビトロ及び生体内の中和の活動" ジャーナル。 150 (1) 57-61 。

Wada 、N 。、等、"培養されたColostral 細胞" Infectioius Immunology (1980 年の) Vol. の上澄みのクロストリジウムのDifficile の毒素に対する中和の活動。 29, 545-550) 。

McConnell 、M 。A.; 小川、H 。J.L.; Borissenko 、M 。B.; Buchan 、G 。 免疫グロブリンの比較調査は4 つの乳製品の炎症抑制の活動感じ。 酪農場科学のジャーナル。 迫った出版物。

Borody 、TJ 、等。 腸のトンネル・ビジョン。 消化が良い病気(2001 年) のための中心。 irritable 腸シンドロームの検討、ulcerative colitis およびCrohn の病気を含んで、およびShigella 及びCampylobacter のような伝染性の代理店を含む病因学。 腸の伝染はクロストリジウムの胞子に対して有効があること抗菌療法が利用できないので扱いにくい。 牛のようなcolostrum しか腸の病原体の、rotavirus のような根絶の臨床効力を証明し、colostrum の生物学的に動的機器の数のためにirritable 腸シンドロームのような慢性無秩序で見られる伝染の制御を助けるかもしれない。 colostrum の助けの成長因子は腸の腐食およびulcerations を直す。 それはまた炎症抑制の要因を含み、栄養金持ちである。 Colostrum は単独でまたは他の炎症抑制および/または免疫の物質を伴って使用されるかもしれない。 未来の研究はcolostrum のbioactives の免疫の作戦、新しい伝達システムおよび同一証明の識別に焦点を合わせるべきである。

Playford 、RJ 、等。 牛のようなcolostrum はNSAID によって引き起こされる腸の損傷を防ぐ健康食糧補足である。 腸44:653-658 (1999 年) 。 non-steroidal 炎症抑制薬剤(NSAIDs) が関節炎の共同苦痛の制御で非常に有効であるが、使用はまた重要で、時々致命的な、胃腸損害を与える。 しかしcolostrum との補足はかなりNSAIDs が引き起こした傷害を減らし、直した。

Playford 、RJ 、等。 健康食糧補足のCo 管理、牛のようなcolostrum は、腸の透磁率の激しいnon-steroidal 炎症抑制の薬剤引き起こされた増加を減らす。 臨床科学100:627-633 (2001 年) 。 Dr 著別の調査。 NSAID の使用のために損傷を防ぐcolostrum の機能のPlayford 。 この調査はcolostrum のない単独でNSAID の使用により透磁率の増加を引き起こす一方colostrum がまたNSAID の使用のために胃腸透磁率の増加を防ぐことを示した。

Goldman 、AS 、等。 人間のミルクの炎症抑制の特性。 Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986 年) 。 主要な炎症抑制の部品は人間のミルク(および牛のようなcolostrum で) 含んでいるanti-proteases 、lactoferrin 、リゾチーム、分泌のIgA 、およびシステイン、アスコルビン酸塩、アルファトコフェロールおよびbeta-carotene を含むいくつかの酸化防止剤を、見つけた。

Murphey 、DK 、Buescher 、ES 。 人間のcolostrum に発火のラットのsubcutaneous 空気袋モデルで炎症抑制の活動がある。 Pediatric 研究34(2):208-212 (1993 年) 。 ラットのsubcutaneous 空気袋を使用して実験動物モデルでは、colostrum は重要な炎症抑制の活動を示した。

Buescher 、ES 、McWilliams-Koeppen 、P 。 人間のcolostrum およびミルクの溶ける腫瘍の壊死の要因アルファ(TNF アルファ) の受容器はTNF アルファに結合し、TNF アルファのbioactivity を中和する。 Pediatric 研究44(1):37-42 (1998 年) 。 炎症性応答を調整するcolostrum の機能は独特である。 これをする方法の1 つはcolostrum にあるTNF-a の受容器蛋白質を通ってある。 これらはTNF-a を不活性にするTNF-a に結合する。 TNF-a は全体の炎症性滝の活性剤である、従って活動の制御によって、colostrum は炎症性応答のある程度を制御し、全体でそれを消すことができる。

Britigan は、等ある。 炎症抑制の分子としてlactoferrin の役割。 実験薬および生物学357 の前進:143-156 (1994 年) 。 よく文書化される無指定の免除の提供に於いてのlactoferrin の役割は間、また酸化防止効果によって炎症抑制の応答の役割を担う。

Conneely 、OM 。 lactoferrin の炎症抑制の活動。 栄養物20(Suppl のアメリカの大学のジャーナル。 5):389S-395S (2001 年) 。 Lactoferrin は皮膚炎症性cytokine の生産を禁じ、有効な炎症抑制蛋白質として呼吸そして胃腸地域を含む発火のローカル場所で、機能し。

Shigenaga 、MK 、等。 老化の酸化損傷そしてmitochondrial 腐食。 米国国家科学院の進行91(23):10771-10778 (1994 年) 。 酸化損傷の主要なもとはボディの細胞のmitochondria によって発生するオキシダントである。 Mitochondrial 機能は減らされた膜の流動率、内部のmitochondrial 膜を渡るプロトンの漏出を含んで年齢と、低下し、cardiolipin 、内部のmitochondrial 膜の蛋白質の作用を支える重要な脂質のレベルを減らす。

Kurz 、DJ 、等。 慢性の酸化圧力はtelomere の完全性を妥協し、人間のendothelial 細胞の老衰の手始めを加速する。 細胞科学117 のジャーナル:2417-2426 (2004 年) 。 酸化の副産物の集結のための酸化圧力は破壊のtelomere の完全性によって血管のライニング細胞の細胞の老衰の手始めにつながった。 Telomeres は長さが細胞が限界に達する前に経ることができる細胞分裂の数を定める染色体の"後につく" である。 グルタチオン、強力で自然な酸化防止剤は、維持のtelomere の完全性で重大である。

Borissenko 、M 。 グルタチオン: 強力な酸化防止剤はcolostrum で見つけた。 NZMP 2002 年8 月。 グルタチオン及び化学前任者は両方colostrum にたくさんある。 グルタチオンが直接吸収されないので、ボディのグルタチオンの生産はcolostrum で豊富である祖先、シスチン、グリシンおよびグルタミン酸との補足によってしか達成することができない。

Buescher 、ES 、McIlheran 、SM 。 人間のcolostrum の酸化防止特性。 Pediatric 研究24(1):14-19 (1988 年) 。 Colostrum はpolymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) のferricytochrome C を減らし、またPMN の激しい発火の呼吸の破烈の調停で重大であるcolostrum が強力な酸化防止剤であることを示すPMNs の他の新陳代謝及び酵素の活動を破壊する。

Buescher 、ES 、McIlheran 、SM 。 Colostral 酸化防止剤: 人間のcolostrum の2 つの活動の分離そして性格描写。 Pediatric 胃腸病学および栄養物14(1) のジャーナル:47-56 (1992 年) 。 Colostrum は2 つの方法、アスコルビン酸塩および尿酸でPMN の呼吸の破烈プロダクトの生産と干渉する。

Boldogh 、I 、等。 ovine colostrum からのプロリン豊富なペプチッドによる4HNE 仲介されたシグナリングの調節。 分子神経科学20(2) のジャーナル:125-134 (2003 年) 。 Colostrinin は脂質のperoxidation を調整し、グルタチオンの枯渇を禁じ、そして反応酸素種(ROS) の細胞内のレベルを減らす。 これはcolostrum が酸化防止活動を示すこと1 つのより多くの方法である。

Wakabayashi 、H 、等。 牛のようなlactoferrin およびacylated 派生物のN ターミナルペプチッドによるiron/ascorbate 引き起こされた脂質のperoxidation の阻止。 Bioscience の人間工学、生物化学63(5):955-957 (1999 年) 。 Lactoferrin はまた脂質のperoxidation を防ぐことによってcolostrum の重要な酸化防止役割を担う。

Satue-Gracia のMT 、等。 幼児方式のLactoferrin: 酸化に対する効果。 農業及び食糧化学48(10) のジャーナル:4984-4990 (2000 年) 。 牛乳に基づく商業的に変更された幼児方式に全ミルクよりより少ないlactoferrin がかなりあり、大豆の方式はlactoferrin が鉄の運送者蛋白質として機能するのに、どれも含んでいない。 幼児方式へlactoferrin を加えることは高められた鉄の吸収の二重利点で起因し、酸化防止として方式の保存性を拡張するためにおよび抗菌機能する。

Berk LS 、Nieman のDC 、Youngberg WS 、等。 (1989) marathoners のNK 細胞で動く長い持久力の効果。 スポーツ及び練習の薬そして科学。 22:207-212 。

Buckley JD 、等。 連続した性能の口頭牛のようなColostrum の補足の効果そのまま。概要からの: スポーツの科学そして薬、アデレードの南オーストラリア、1998 年10 月の1998 人のオーストラリア人の会議。

E を締め殺しなさい。 (1996) エイズのための運動増強物そして助けとしてColostrum 。 栄養物科学のニュース。

クラークJ 。 (1996) 運動選手のためのクレアチンの隣酸塩及びクレアチンの補足の使用。 科学的な、臨床見通し。

Mero A 、等。 (1997) 訓練の間の血清IGF-1 、IgG 、ホルモン、および唾液IgA の牛のようなcolostrum の補足の効果。 応用生理学のジャーナル。 83:1144-1151 年。

Sparling のPB 、Nieman のDC 、O'Connor PJ 。 (1993) マラソンの競争の指定科学的な面: 流動取り替え、免疫機能、心理的要因および性の相違の更新。 スポーツ医学。 15:116-132 。

Hofman Z 、Smeets R 、Verlaan G 、Lugt R 、Verstappen のPA 。、内部J のスポーツNutr Exerc Metab 。 2002 年Dec;12(4):461-9 。 関連の記事、エリートのフィールドホッケープレーヤーの練習の性能の牛のようなcolostrum の補足の効果。 Numico の研究、Bosrandweg 20 、6704 PH Wageningen のネザーランド。

Coombes JS 、Conacher M 、Austen SK 、マーシャルPA 。 Med Sci はExerc を遊ばす。 2002 年Jul;34(7):1184-8 年。 関連の記事、リンク、サイクリストの身体的作業容量の口頭牛のようなcolostrum の線量の効果。 人間の動きの学校は、クイーンズランド、St Lucia 、オーストラリアの大学調査する。

Mero 、A 。; Miikkulainen 、H; Riski 、J; Pakknen 、R; Aalto 、J; Takala 、T 。 訓練の間の血清IGF-1 、IgG 、ホルモン、および唾液IgA の牛のようなcolostrum の補足の効果。 応用の生理学のジャーナル。 83(4):1144-1151 型の、1997 年4 月。

J Buckley * 、M Abbott 、S マーティン、G Brinkworth 及びから抽象的なP Whyte: スポーツの科学そして薬、アデレードの南オーストラリア、1998 年10 月の1998 人のオーストラリア人の会議。 連続した性能の口頭牛のようなcolostrum の補足(そのままなTM) の効果。 教育及びスポーツ科学の南オーストラリアの大学の研究のための中心。

Spagnoli A 、Rosenfeld RG 、部門。 小児科、オレゴンの健康科学大学、ポートランドの、または、成長ホルモンが成長をもたらすメカニズム。 成長ホルモンのそして成長因子インシュリンのように相対的な貢献。 Endocrinol Metab Clin の北AM 9 月1996 日; (3):615-31 。

劉JL 、LeRoith D の臨床内分泌学の枝、NIDDKD 、NIH 、Bethesda 、成長因子I インシュリンのようにMD は、成長ホルモンに応じてpost-natal 成長のために必要である。 内分泌学11 月1999 日; 140(11):5178-84 。

執事AA 、Yakar S 、Gewolb IH 、Karas M 、Okubo Y 、LeRoith D の糖尿病の枝、NIH 、Bethesda 、成長の要因私受容器信号のtransduction インシュリンのようにMD 、: 生理学と細胞生物学間のインターフェイス。3 、Comp のBiochem Physiol B のBiochem のBiol Mol のページ9 月1998 日; 121(1):19-26 。

Hwa V 、オハイオ州Y 、Rosenfeld RG 、部門。 小児科、オレゴンの健康科学大学、成長因子の結合蛋白質(IGFBP) インシュリンのようにポートランドの、またはsuperfamily 。 Endocr のRev. 1999 年のDec; 20(6):761-87 。

Buckley 、J 。、等。 "牛のようなcolostrum との口頭補足は縦のジャンプの性能を高める。"スポーツ科学のヨーロッパの大学、ローマ14-17 1999 年7 月の第4 年次議会で示した。

Mero 、A 。、等。 "訓練の間の血清IGF-I 、IgG 、ホルモン、および唾液IgA の牛のようなcolostrum の補足の効果。"J Appl Physiol 、1997;83(4):144-1151 。

ウー、A 。H. 及びPerryman 、M 。B. "筋肉酵素及び蛋白質の臨床応用。"Curr Opin Rheumatol 、1992;4(6):815-820 。

Antonio 、J 、等。 活動的な人および女性のボディ構成そして練習の性能の牛のようなcolostrum の補足の効果。 栄養物17(3):243-247 (2001 年) 。 積極的に訓練してオス及びメスの運動選手は8 週の期間のためのcolostrum の補足か偽薬を与えられた。 colostrum しかしない偽薬を受け取る主題は細いボディ固まりの増加を示した。

Brinkworth 、GD 、等。 健康な若者の抵抗の訓練され、未熟な肢の構成の牛のようなcolostrum の補足の効果。 応用生理学9(11) のヨーロッパジャーナル:53-60 (2004 年) 。 牛のようなcolostrum か乳しよう蛋白質は訓練またはない訓練にあった若者に与えられた。 colostrum を受け取った訓練のグループのそれらは訓練になかったそれらは変更を示さなかったが乳しようを受け取るそれらと比較された上椀の両方円周及び横断面区域のかなりより大きい増加を示した。

Buckley 、JD 、等。 嫌気性練習の性能の牛のようなcolostrum および成長因子I インシュリンのように血しょうの効果。 スポーツ科学21(7) のジャーナル:577-588 (2003 年) 。 訓練の運動選手は8 週間牛のようなcolostrum か偽薬を与えられた。 colostrum を受け取るそれらは偽薬上のピーク嫌気性力の重要な増加を示した。

Coombes 、JS 、等。 サイクリストの身体的作業容量の口頭牛のようなcolostrum の線量の効果。 スポーツ及び練習34(7) の薬そして科学:1184-1188 年(2002 年) 。 訓練のサイクリストでできていた適量の調査は20 g または60 g/day の線量で時間の試験で小さく重要な改善を示した。

Hofman 、Z 、等。 エリートのフィールドホッケープレーヤーの練習の性能の牛のようなcolostrum の補足の効果。 スポーツの栄養物及び練習の新陳代謝12(4) の国際ジャーナル:461-469 (2002 年) 。 エリートのフィールドホッケープレーヤーのColostrum の補足は、男性及び女性両方、改良される性能で全速力で走る偽薬上の起因した。

Nieman 、DC 、等。 補足物及び免疫グロブリンは運動選手及び坐った制御で水平になる。 スポーツ医学10(2) の国際ジャーナル:124-128 (1989 年) 。 補足物C3 及びC4 しかしない免疫グロブリンの血レベルはマラソン選手の残り、等級別にされた極大練習および回復の期間の間に減った。

Nieman 、DC 、等。 免疫組織変数で動く長持久力の効果及びリンパ球はベテランのmarathoners で作用する。 スポーツ医学10(5) の国際ジャーナル:317-323 (1989 年) 。 マラソン選手は長い間隔、回復の21 時間に続く正常なレベルに戻る条件を動かした後正常な免疫機能の中断を経験する。

Berk 、LS 、等。 marathoners のNK 細胞で動く長い持久力の効果。 スポーツ及び練習22(2) の薬そして科学:207-212 (1990 年) 。 前練習のレベルの完全な回復と極大練習の3 時間に続く21 時間までにマラソン選手のNK 細胞の人口の重要な減少は見られた。 これは練習の間のコルチソルのレベルの増加に関連した。

Sparling 、PB 、等。 マラソンの競争の指定科学的な面。 流動取り替え、免疫機能、心理的要因および性の相違の更新。 スポーツ医学15(2):116-132 (1993 年) 。 長い間隔ランニングの間の免疫組織への否定的な変更は練習に続く期間の間これらの運動選手の上部の呼吸の伝染のチャンスを高める。 適切な栄養物は試しの間で、十分な残りおよび適切他の手段が危険を減すことができる、また回復する。

、ER 締め殺しなさい。 エイズのための運動増強物そして助けとしてColostrum 。 栄養物科学のニュースは、1996 年よろしいです。 漏れやすい腸は皆に心配である間、免疫組織が練習の後で損なわれるとき栄養素すべてを利用する取る必要があり、伝染を防ぐ運動選手のため特にそうである。 多くの運動選手によっては蛋白質の補足の不完全な消化力の結果としてirritable 腸シンドロームが苦しむ。 成長の要因1 (IGF-1) インシュリンのようにcolostrum 得られるの役割、表皮の成長因子(EGF) 、血小板得られた成長因子(PDGF) および要因ベータ治療の漏れやすい腸の変形の成長は(TGF ss) 探検される。

Buckley 、JD 、等。 持久力の連続した訓練の間の牛のようなcolostrum の補足は回復、ない性能を増進する。 スポーツ5(2) の科学そして薬のジャーナル:65-79 (2002 年) 。 牛のようなcolostrum との補足が血または最初の性能のIGF-1 のレベルを増加しない間、練習の第2 円形の性能はかなり改良する。

屈折、C 、等。 牛のようなcolostrum の補足は間隔ランナーのs-IGA のレベルを増加する: Rotorua の2002 年のマラソンのための訓練の運動選手に基づく調査。 出版されていない研究。 訓練のマラソン選手は二重盲目の調査の12 週間牛のようなcolostrum か偽薬を与えられた。 colostrum のグループのそれらは唾液で偽薬のグループか坐った制御よりかなり分泌のIgA (s-IgA) を示した。 colostrum のグループはまたこの期間の間の上部の呼吸の伝染(URI) のかなりより低い率を報告した。

Kasemkijwattana 、C 、等。 緊張の傷害の後で直る筋肉を改良する成長因子の使用。 臨床Orthopedics 370:272-285 (2000 年) 。 筋肉傷害は、緊張のような、運動選手で共通である。 成長因子の使用は、そのような傷害の処理のIGF-1 のような、探検される。

Molloy 、T 、等。 腱及び靭帯の治療に於いての成長因子の役割。 スポーツ医学33(5):381-394 (2003 年) 。 治療の腱及び靭帯の傷害に於いての5 つの成長因子、IGF-1 、TGF ss 、管のendothelial 成長因子(VEGF) 、血小板得られた成長因子(PDGF) および基本的な繊維芽細胞の成長因子(bFGF) の役割は、探検される。 それぞれはプロセスの別重大な役割を担う。

佐藤、K 、等。 筋肉再生の強化及び線維症の防止によって直る筋肉の改善。 筋肉及び神経28(3):355-372 (2003 年) 。 IGF-1 は傷つけられた筋肉の筋肉再生を増進できる。

梁、L 、等。 [ 腱の傷害の修理のcytokines の効果] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi (中国の) 14(5):283-285 (2000 年) 。 Cytokines は、成長因子のような、腱修理を加速できる。

Mero 、A 、等。 訓練の間の牛のようなcolostrum の補足へのIGF-I 、IgA 、およびIgG の応答。 応用生理学93(2) のジャーナル:732-739 (2002 年) 。 Colostrum の補足は訓練の運動選手のIGF-1 そしてIgA のレベルを増加するが、colostrum のIGF-1 はそのまま吸収されない。

Kuipers 、H 、等。 成長の要因私インシュリンのように血清の口頭牛のようなcolostrum の補足の効果は水平になる。 栄養物18(7-8) 年:165-172 (2002 年) 。 国際的なオリンピック委員会のための調査は血の4 週の時間後のIGF-1 かIGF-bp3 レベルの増加を示さなかった。

Zimecki 、M 、等。 hemolytic 貧血症の開発およびニュージーランドの黒(NZB) のマウスの存続のプロリン豊富なポリペプチド(PRP) の効果。 Archivum Immunologiae とTherapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991 年) 。 Colostrinin (PRP) はhemolytic 貧血症、自己免疫病気に敏感なマウスの存続を高めた。 それはcolostrinin 引き起こす病気の開発を遅らせるサプレッサーの細胞を仮定される。 これはcolostrinin に処理の自己免疫病気の治療上の価値があるかもしれない提案する。

執事、J 。 E. 乳房の分泌の免疫グロブリン。 第5 章。 : 授乳期: 広範囲の論文。 Vol.. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson 及びV 。 R. スミス。 PP. 217-252 。 学術出版物。 ニューヨーク。 1974 年。

クリストファーHennings 、J 。、等。、verotoxin 作成のエシェリヒア属大腸菌(Olll 著引き起こされるgnotobiotic ブタのlmmunocompromise:NM) 。 感染させなさい。 Immun 。 1993 年。 61: p. 2304-2308 。

Doyle 、P 。 S. Anti-Cryptosporiduim の抗体は試験管内でそして9 ヴィヴォでinfectivity を禁じる。 伝染及び免除61(10):4079-4084 。 10 月。 1993 年。

Ho 、P 。C.およびLawton 、J 。W.M. 人間のcolostral 細胞: E の食作用そして殺害。 大腸菌及びC 。 Albicans 。 小児科のジャーナル。 Vol.. 93, 否。 6, PP 。 910-915 。

金、K 。、等。、試験管内で及びdifficile クロストリジウムの浄化された毒素A 及びB に対する人間のcolostrum そしてミルクの生体内の中和の活動。 T. 感染させなさい。 Dis 。 1985 年。 150: p. 57-61 。

Majumdar 、A 。 S.、等。、人間のcolostrum の反コレラの抗体の保護特性。 感染させなさい。 Immun 。 1982 年。 36:p. 962965.

McClead 、R 。、等。、インビトロ及び生体内の蛋白質加水分解への牛のような反コレラの毒素IgG の抵抗。 Pedia 。 RES. 1982 年。6: p. 227-231 。

Morris 、J 。 A.、等。、enteropathogenic エシェリヒア属大腸菌に対する子ヒツジの消極防護: 血清及びcolostrum に於いての抗体の役割。 T. Med 。 Microbiol.1980 年。 13: p. 265-271 。

Spik 、G 。、等。、E のミルク敏感な緊張のBacteriostasis 。 大腸菌の免疫グロブリン及び鉄結合蛋白質はcolostrum と関連付けた。 免疫学。 1981 年。 35: p. 663-670 。

Wada 、N 。、等。、培養されたcolostral 細胞のsupernatants のクロストリジウムのdifficile 毒素に対する中和の活動。 感染させなさい。 Immun 。. 1980 年。29: p. 545-550 。

Watzl 、B 。、等。、murine retroviral 伝染の間の分かち合われた牛のようなcolostrum によるCryptosporidium のparvum への抵抗の強化。 AM. T. Trop 。 Med 。 Hyg 。 1993 年。 48(4): p. 519-523 。

Funatogawa K 、Ide T 、Kirikae F 、Saruta K 、Nakano M 、Kirikae T 。 Microbiol Immunol 。 2002;46(11):761-6 。 関連の記事、リンク、免疫グロブリンの使用はenterohaemorrhagic エシェリヒア属大腸菌O157 との口頭挑戦に対して牛のようなcolostrum を富ませた:マウスのH7 。 南直接肉製品の点検オフィス、Tochigi 、Tochigi 328-0033 、日本。

Seifert J 、Molkewehrum M 、Oesser S 、Nebermann L 、Schulze C 。 Eur Surg RES 。 2002 日1 月Apr;34(1 2):68-72 。 関連の記事、リンク、別の構成のenterally 応用colostrum による内毒素の不活性化。 外科の外科研究、部門および胸部の外科、Kiel 、ドイツ。

Bolke E 、Jehle PM 、Hausmann F 、Daubler A 、Wiedeck H 、Steinbach G 、Storck M 、Orth K 。、衝撃。 2002 年Jan;17(1):9-12 。 免疫グロブリン富ませたcolostrum のミルクの関連の記事、リンク、Preoperative の口頭塗布および腹部の外科の間の仲介人の応答。 外科、Ulm の大学、ドイツの部門。

Lilius のEM 、Marnila P 。 Curr Opin はDis を感染させる。 2001 年Jun;14(3):295-300 。 関連の記事、リンク、微生物伝染の防止に於いてのcolostral 抗体の役割。 生物化学の部門及び食糧化学、Turku 、Turku 、フィンランドの大学。

Graczyk TK のBostwick EF 、Cranfield の氏。、J Parasitol 。 2000 年Jun;86(3):631-2 。 関連の記事、リンク、Cryptosporidium のsp と感染するサバンナのモニター(Varanus のexanthematicus) の巧妙なhyperimmune の牛のようなcolostrum の処置。 分子微生物学および免疫学の部門、衛生学の学校および公衆衛生、ジョンズHopkins 大学、ボルティモア、メリーランド21205 、米国。

Huppertz HI 、Rutkowski S 、Busch のDH 、Eisebit R 、Lissner R 、Karch H 。、J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 。 1999 年Oct;29(4):452-6 。 関連の記事、リンクは、牛のようなcolostrum diarrheagenic エシェリヒア属大腸菌、shiga toxin-producing E との伝染の下痢を改善する。 大腸菌およびE 。 intimin 及び溶血素を表現する大腸菌。 小児病院、Wurzburg 、ドイツの大学。

Bitzan 、M 。M.; 金、B 。D.; Philpott 、D 。J.; Huesca 、M 。; シャーマン、P 。M.; Karch 、H 。; Lissner 、R 。; Lingwood 、C 。A.; Karmali 、M 。A.; 牛のようなcolostrum によって脂質の受容器に結合するHelicobacter の幽門及びHelicobactor のmustelae の阻止。 感染症のジャーナル。 177:955-961 、1998 年4 月。

Casswall のTH 、Sarker SA 、アルバートMJ 、Fuchs GJ 、Bergstrom M 、Bjorck L 、Hammarstrom L 。、Aliment Pharmacol Ther 。 1998 年Jun;12(6):563-8 。 関連の記事、リンク、hyperimmune のウシのcolostrum からの口頭免疫グロブリンが付いている田園バングラデシュの幼児のHelicobacter の幽門の伝染の処置。 臨床科学の部門、Huddinge の病院、Karolinska の協会、スウェーデン。

Bitzan ミリメートルの金BD 、Philpott DJ 、Huesca M 、シャーマンPM 、Karch H 、Lissner R 、Lingwood カリフォルニア、Karmali MA 。 J はDis を感染させる。 1998 年Apr;177(4):955-61 。 関連の記事、リンク、牛のようなcolostrum によって脂質の受容器に結合するHelicobacter の幽門及びHelicobacter のmustelae の阻止。 Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):276-83. Related Articles, Links, Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Flanigan T, Marshall R, Redman D, Kaetzel C, Ungar B. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):225S-227S. Related Articles, Links, In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Mukoyama A. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;65(1):54-60. Related Articles, Links,[Bacteriostatic activity of bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health.

Stephan W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 Jan;28(1):19-23. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Biotest Pharma GmbH, Forschungsabteilung, Frankfurt.

Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3. Related Articles, Links, Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Opdebeeck JP, Norcross NL. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Jul;46(7):1561-4. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus.

McClead RE, Gregory SA. Infect Immun. 1984 May;44(2):474-8. Related Articles, Links, Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis.

McClead RE, Butler T, Rabbani GH. (1988) Orally Administered Bovine Colostral Anti-Cholera Toxin Antibodies: Results of Two Clinical Trials. The American Journal of Medicine. 85:811-816

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Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.

Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Bovine colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens.

Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens.

Korhonen, H. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78:655-662 (1995). The antibody-complement system found in bovine colostrum was also found to be bactericidal against H. pylori.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78(6):655-662 (1995). Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers in humans. Serum and colostrum from non-immunized Friesian cows were found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori. Post-colostral milk did not show any bactericidal effect against H. pylori.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998). H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.

Wada, T, et al. The therapeutic effect of bovine lactoferrin in the host infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 34(3):238-243 (1999). Mice infected with H. pylori were given a daily dose of bovine lactoferrin for 2-4 weeks. Their intestines were then examined for bacterial content. Numbers of H. pylori were reduced to 10% of pre-lactoferrin levels and greatly decreased the numbers of H. pylori bound to the intestinal wall. Serum antibody titer to H. pylori were reduced to practically zero, indicating that the immune response of the host was no longer recognizing H. pylori infection. Therefore it was deduced that lactoferrin has a direct antibacterial effect on H. pylori infection and prevents binding of the pathogen to the intestinal lining.

Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002). Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.

Lilius, EM, Marnila, P. The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14(3): 295-300 (2001) . Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer!)s patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother!)s colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Masson, PL, et al. An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clinica Chemica Acta 14:735 (1966). Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of siderophilic (iron-loving) bacteria and Candida albicans.

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Zoltan P. Rona, M.D., M.Sc., Bovine Colostrum Emerges as Immunity Modulator, March 1998, American Journal of Natural Medicine)

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Bocci, V, et al. What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biologic Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents 5(4):121-124 (1991). The cytokines present in colostrum, such as TNF-a, interferon-?, IL-1 and IL-6, have an immunostimulatory effect. This could be significant for aged people or others with immunodeficiency.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

Bogdan, C, Nathan, C. Modulation of macrophage function by transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 685:713-739 (1993). Certain cytokines found in colostrum, TGF-!), IL-4 and IL-10, have a modulatory effect on macrophages, either stimulating or deactivating them as conditions dictate.

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Bergerot, I, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) protects NOD mice from insulitis and diabetes. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 102(2):335-340 (1995). IGF-1 protects islet of Langerhans insulin-producing beta cells from the effects of insulitis and diabetes in an experimental mouse system. Significantly, the development if diabetes in these mice is inhibited with IGF-1 supplementation, and the autoimmune destruction of beta cells was suppressed.

Bergerot, I, et al. Effects of insulin like growth factor-1 and insulin on effector T cells generating autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes & Metabolism 22(4):235-239 (1996). The development of autoimmune diabetes in experimental mice was significantly reduced in those receiving IGF-1 as compared to insulin.

Dohm, GL, et al. IGF-I-stimulated glucose transport in human skeletal muscle and IGF-I resistance in obesity and NIDDM. Diabetes 39(9):1028-1032 (1990). IGF-1 stimulates glucose transport by IGF-1 receptors in skeletal muscle, thus alleviating the hyperglycemia observed in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Significantly, muscle from obese patients was resistant to this effect.

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Chen, W, et al. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I/IGF-binding protein-3 complex: therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of protection against type 1 diabetes. Endocrinology 145(2):627-638 (2004). IGF-1 regulates beta cell growth, survival and metabolism in the pancreas and protects them against development of type 1 diabetes. Using IGF-1 combined with IGF-binding protein (IGF-bp) significantly increases the efficacy of IGF-1 treatment by extending its half-life in the body.

Russell, JW, Feldman, EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I prevents apoptosis in sympathetic neurons exposed to high glucose. Hormone and Metabolic Research 31(2-3):90-96 (1999). Using an experimental in vitro rat superior cervical ganglion model of diabetic neuropathy, high levels of glucose, such as are found in uncontrolled diabetes, inhibits neurite (cell processes growing from nerve cells in cultures) growth, reduction in neurite size, beading of neurites, neurite retraction and apoptosis (cell death) in neurons. This is reversed by IGF-1 which exhibits a neuroprotective effect on these neurons. This suggests that IGF-1 may be of use in preventing diabetic neuropathy in vivo.

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Bhora, Y, et al. Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation and epithelialization in human skin. Journal of Surgical Research 59(2):236-244 (1995). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), IGF-1 and epithelial growth factor (EGF) are important factors in healing skin wounds. EGF in particular is capable of initiating epithelial growth.

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Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in colostrum, including anti-polio antibody.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via colostrum.

Br!)ssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 !)915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001) Interleukin-1!) in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

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Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

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Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Gastroenterology. 1984 Aug;87(2):379-85. Related Articles, Links, A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid. Studies in adult and suckling rats.

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Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn!)s disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

B!)hler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Bl!)ttler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Unpublished research (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Rooney, PJ, et al. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 8:75-83 (1990). The connection between increased permeability of the intestines and inflammatory arthritis is examined. The gut is the likely source of the antigens which cause inflammatory arthritis.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere!)s Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn!)s disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver!)s detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow!)s milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

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Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.

van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.

Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.

Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).

Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.

Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000). Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.

Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000). The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.

Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999). Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.

Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999). Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.

Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutrition and Cancer 38(2):192-199 (2000). A similar study on the protective effects of lactoferrin supplementation on protecting from lung metastasis in experimentally induced colon cancer. In addition to the increase in cytotoxic cells seen in other studies, there was also an increase in IL-18 production in the intestinal epithelium, suggesting it plays a role in mediating the inhibition of the cancers.

Tsuda, H, et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin. Mutation Research 462(2-3):227-233 (2000). In addition to the protection provided by lactoferrin against the development of cancers, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) also plays an inhibitory role on cancer development.

Tsuda, H, et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms--a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):131-136 (2002). Lactoferrin supplementation in experimental animal models of colon cancer show that it also suppresses phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A2, by cancer cells, while enhancing the activity of phase II enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase, both of which act to inhibit the development of these cancers. Lactoferrin also boosts local and systemic immunity, particularly the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in the intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood, which in turn stimulates the production of IL-18 and caspase-1 in intestinal epithelial cells and possibly the appearance of interferon-gamma (INF-?) positive cells. Bovine lactoferrin was also found to have anti-hepatitis C activity. Chronic hepatitis due to infection with hepatitis C virus is a major causative factor in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Fujita, K, et al. Down-regulation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx)-induced CYP1A2 expression is associated with bovine lactoferrin inhibition of MeIQx-induced liver and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 93(6):616-625 (2002). The mechanism of action of bovine lactoferrin on down regulating the expression of carcinogenic agents is explored.

Iigo, M, et al. Orally administered bovine lactoferrin induces caspase-1 and interleukin-18 in the mouse intestinal mucosa: a possible explanation for inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Cytokine 25(1):36-44 (2004). Oral lactoferrin administration increased the production of IL-18 by intestinal epithelial cells followed by increases in caspase-1 and INF-?, which potentiate the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in attacking cancer cells.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59(2):95-102 (2001). Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of Candida albicans through its ability to sequester iron.

Kimber, I, et al. Lactoferrin: influences on Langerhans cells, epidermal cytokines, and cutaneous inflammation. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):103-107 (2002). Apart from its modulation anti-inflammatory cytokines, lactoferrin also expresses an anti-inflammatory effect through controlling the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells. Lactoferrin inhibited the migration of these cells when the skin was exposed to an irritant, thus decreasing the inflammatory response.

Ward, PP, et al. Lactoferrin and host defense. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):95-102 (2002). Lactoferrin is a prominent component of the first line of defense against infection and inflammation. It accomplishes its activity through a variety of methods, most notably iron sequestration and its effect on down-regulating TNF-a, which controls the inflammatory cascade.

Griffiths, CE, et al. Exogenous topical lactoferrin inhibits allergen-induced Langerhans cell migration and cutaneous inflammation in humans. British Journal of Dermatology 144(4):715-725 (2001). Lactoferrin influences inflammation inhibiting Langerhans cell migration, normally controlled by TNF-a and IL-1!), which are inhibited by lactoferrin.

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