Na zijn Verwijzingen naar Documenten met betrekking tot de Doeltreffendheid van Colostrum *:

LeFranc-Millot C, vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. - M, et al. (1996) Vergelijking van de titers IgE aan runder colostrumimmunoglobulins van G en de fragmenten F(ab')2 in serums van patiënten allergisch voor melk. De Allergie Immunol van de Boog van int.. 110:156-162.

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) Lage colostrumigA verbonden aan de melkallergie van de koe. Het Aftasten van Pediatr van handelingen. 80:1207-1213.

Selo I, Mild G, Bernard H, et al. (1999) Allergie voor runder B-Lactoglobuline: specificiteit van menselijke IgE aan tryptic peptides. Klinische en Experimentele Allergie. 29:1055-1063.

Delespesse, G. De factoren van het polypeptide van colostrum. V.S.- Octrooi # 5.371.073 (1994). IgE (immunoglobulin betrokken bij allergische reactie) de bindende factoren (igE-BF) en IgE de ontstoringsapparaatactiviteit (igE-Sf) die uit colostrum wordt zijn verkregen met succes gebruikt om allergieën te behandelen.

Collins, AM, et al. De runder melk, met inbegrip van gepasteuriseerde melk, bevat antilichamen die tegen allergenen van klinisch belang aan de mens worden geleid. Internationale Archieven van Allergie en Toegepaste Immunologie 96:362-367 (1991). De aanwezigheid van antilichamen tegen veel van de gemeenschappelijkste allergieën bij de mens, met inbegrip van raaigrasstuifmeel, de mijten van het huisstof, Aspergillus vorm en tarwegluten, werd ontdekt in rundercolostrum.

Elrod, kc, et al. Lactoferrin, een machtige tryptaseinhibitor, schafte de reacties van de recent-faseluchtroute bij allergische schapen af. Amerikaans Dagboek van Ademhalings Kritieke Geneeskunde 156 van de Zorg:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, een spijsverteringsenzym, is betrokken bij diverse aspecten van astma, met inbegrip van bronchoconstriction en luchtroutehyperreactiviteit. Lactoferrin is getoond om tryptaseactiviteit te remmen, waarbij de symptomen van astma worden verlicht.

Goldman, ZOALS, et al. Anti-inflammatory eigenschappen van menselijke melk. Handelingen Paediatrica Scandinavica 75 (5):689-695 (1986). De belangrijkste anti-inflammatory componenten die in menselijke melk (en rundercolostrum worden gevonden) omvatten antiproteasen, lactoferrin, lypozyme, secretorische IgA, en een aantal anti-oxyderend, met inbegrip van cysteine, ascorbate, alpha--tocoferol en beta-carotene.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, S. Het menselijke colostrum heeft anti-inflammatory activiteit in een de zakmodel van de ratten onderhuids lucht van ontsteking. Pediatrisch Onderzoek 34 (2):208-212 (1993). In een proefdierenmodel dat onderhuidse luchtzakken bij ratten gebruikt, toonde het colostrum significante anti-inflammatory activiteit.

Buescher, S, mcWilliams-Koeppen, P. Factor-alpha- (tnf-Alpha-) receptoren de oplosbare van de tumornecrose in menselijke colostrum en melk binden aan tnf-Alpha- en neutraliseren tnf-Alpha- bio-activiteit. Pediatrisch Onderzoek 44 (1):37-42 (1998). De capaciteit van colostrum om de ontstekingsreactie te moduleren is uniek. Één van de manieren waarop het dit doet is door tnf-A receptorproteïnen, die in colostrum worden gevonden. Deze binden aan tnf-A, die tnf-A buiten werking stelt. Tnf-a is activator van de volledige ontstekingscascade, zodat door zijn activiteit, colostrumcontroles te controleren de graad van de ontstekingsreactie en kan het weg sluiten totaal.

De "klinische studies tonen aan dat IgE die in rundercolostrum wordt gevonden, kan de oorzaak zijn van het regelen van allergische reactie," volgens Drs.. Tortora, Funke en Gegoten in de Microbiologie.

Boog Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999;47 (6):377-85.

Amaducci L. (1988) Phosphatidylserine in de behandeling van de ziekte van Alzheimer: resultaten van een multicenter studie. Het Bulletin van de psychofarmacologie. 24 (1):130-4.

Leszek J, Inglot ADVERTENTIE, Janusz M, Lisowski J, Krukowska K, Georgiades JA. (1999) Colostrinin: proline-Rijke Complex van het Polypeptide (PRP) Geïsoleerd van Schapencolostrum voor Behandeling van de Ziekte van Alzheimer. Een Dubbel - Blinde placebo-Gecontroleerde Studie. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 47 (6):377-85.

Leszek, J, et al. Het proline-rijke polypeptide van Colostrinin® complex van schapencolostrum - een studie op lange termijn van zijn doeltreffendheid in de ziekte van Alzheimer. Medische Monitor van de Wetenschap 8 (10):P193-P196 (2002). In een studie op langere termijn, colostrinin veroorzaakte verbetering of stabilisatie in patiënten betrokken bij de studie.

Amaducci, L, et al. Gebruik van phosphatidylserine in de ziekte van Alzheimer. Annalen van de Academie van New York van Wetenschap 640:245-249 (1991). De aanvulling met phosphatidylserine, één van phospholipids die in bio-Lipide wordt gevonden, veroorzaakt ook een verbetering van symptomen in Alzheimer.

Oplichter, Th, et al. Gevolgen van phosphatidylserine in leeftijd-geassocieerd geheugenstoornis. Neurologie 41 (5):644-649 (1991). De patiënten met leeftijd-geassocieerd geheugenstoornis toonden significante verbetering van de tests van geheugenprestaties met phosphatidylserine aanvulling over een 12 weekperiode.

Oplichter, T, et al. Gevolgen van phosphatidylserine in de ziekte van Alzheimer. Bulletin van de psychofarmacologie 28 (1):61-66 (1992). Een andere studie die een verbetering van symptomen van Alzheimer met phosphatidylserine aanvulling meer dan 12 weken toonde. Het minder stoornis, groter de verbetering voorstelt, die dat de vroegere phosphatidylserine aanvulling in de loop van de ziekte is begonnen met zal, beter de resultaten zijn.

Kruis, Ce, et al. De basissen van de zuurstof en menselijke ziekte. Annalen van Interne Geneeskunde 107 (4):526-545 (1987). Zijn de vrije basissen van de zuurstof, de bijproducten van normaal metabolisme, betrokken bij ziekteprocessen die van carcinogenese tot het verouderen gaan, benadrukkend het belang van anti-oxyderend in het bestrijden van deze voorwaarden.

Ames, MILJARD, et al. Oxidatiemiddelen, anti-oxyderend, en de degeneratieve ziekten van het verouderen. Werkzaamheden van de Nationale Academie van Wetenschappen de V.S. 90 (17):7915-7922 (1993). De bijproducten van het oxidatiemiddel van metabolisme veroorzaken significante schade aan DNA, proteïnen en lipiden. Deze schade resulteert in het verouderen en de degeneratieve ziekten verbonden aan het verouderen van, zoals kanker, cardiovasculaire ziekte, immuun systeemdaling, hersenendysfunctie en cataracten. De anti-oxyderende defensie tegen deze ziekten daalt met leeftijd, die de aanvulling van anti-oxyderend in het dieet vergt.

Ballard et. al. "Gevolgen van anabole agenten voor eiwitanalyse."Biochemie J, 1983;210:243-249:

Gil, A. & Sanchez-Medina, F. "Zure oplosbare nucleotiden van de melk van de koe, van de geit en van schapen in verschillende stadia van lactatie."Dagboek van Zuivelonderzoek, 1981;48:35-44.

Ullman, et al. "Gevolgen van het Hormoon van de Groei voor spierregeneratie en igF-1 concentratie bij oude ratten."Handelingen Physiol Scand, 1990;140:521-525.

Xian, C.J., et al. De "degradatie van igf-1 in het volwassen ratten maagdarmkanaal wordt beperkt door een specifiek antiserum of de dieet eiwitcaseïne."Dagboek van Endocrinologie, 1995;146:215-225.

Holbrook, N.J. & Ikeyama, S. "Van de leeftijd afhankelijke daling in cellulaire reactie op oxydatieve spanning: verbindingen met de signalerende wegen van de de groeifactor met gemeenschappelijke tekorten."Biochemie Pharmacol, 2002;64 (56):999-1005.

Playford, R.J., et al. Het "Co-beleid van het supplement van het gezondheidsvoedsel, rundercolostrum, vermindert de scherpe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-veroorzaakte verhoging van intestinale doordringbaarheid."Clin Sci (Lond), 2001;100 (6):627-633.

Instituut van Chemie en Biochemie, Streptokok Hellbrunner. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Oostenrijk. Univ.- Prof. À ÿ ¿. Dr.. Albert Duschl.

Elrod, kc, et al. Lactoferrin, een machtige tryptaseinhibitor, schafte de reacties van de recent-faseluchtroute bij allergische schapen af. Amerikaans Dagboek van Ademhalings Kritieke Geneeskunde 156 van de Zorg:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, een spijsverteringsenzym, is betrokken bij diverse aspecten van astma, met inbegrip van bronchoconstriction en luchtroutehyperreactiviteit. Lactoferrin is getoond om tryptaseactiviteit te remmen, waarbij de symptomen van astma worden verlicht.

De "glycoproteïnen in rundercolostrum remmen de gehechtheid van de Helicobacter pyloribacteriën die maagzweren veroorzaken. Het colostrum bevat significante bedragen van interleukin-10, een sterke ontstekings remmende agent gevonden significant in het verminderen van ontsteking in jichtige verbindingen en de verwondingsgebieden, "schreven Dr.. Olle Hernell, van de Universiteit van Ulmea, Zweden, in het tijdschrift van de Wetenschap.

Anti-Microbial (Moldoveanu, Zina, et al, "Antibacteriële Eigenschappen van Melk; de Annalen _ van peroxidase-Lactoferrin IgA Interactie" van N.Y. Academie van Wetenschap, (1983) Volume. 409, 848-850.

Kim, K. et al, "In vitro en Levende Neutraliserende Activiteit van Menselijke Colostrum en Melk tegen Gezuiverde Toxine A het Dagboek en van B van Difficle van het Clostridium" van Besmettelijke Ziekten (1984) Volume. 150 (1) 57-61.

Wada, N., et al, "Neutraliserende Activiteit tegen de Toxine van Difficile van het Clostridium in Bovendrijvend de Immunologie (1980) Volume van Infectioius van van Beschaafde Colostrumcellen". 29, 545-550).

McConnell, M.A.; Beken, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M.B.; Buchan, G. Een vergelijkende studie van immunoglobulin voelt en anti-inflammatory activiteit in vier zuivelproducten. Dagboek van Zuivelwetenschap. Aanstaande publicatie.

Borody, TJ, et al. De visie van de tunnel in de darm. Centrum voor Spijsverteringsziekten (2001). Overzicht van irritable darmsyndroom, met inbegrip van ulcerative colitis en Crohn's ziekte, en zijn etiologie, met inbegrip van besmettelijke agenten zoals Shigella en Campylobacter. De besmettingen van de darm zijn moeilijk te behandelen omdat geen antimicrobial therapie beschikbaar is die tegen de sporen van Clostridium efficiënt is. Slechts heeft het rundercolostrum klinische doeltreffendheid in het uitroeien van intestinale ziekteverwekkers, zoals rotavirus bewezen, en kunnen helpen de besmettingen controleren die in chronische wanorde zoals irritable darmsyndroom toe te schrijven worden gezien aan het aantal biologisch actieve componenten in colostrum. De de groeifactoren in colostrumhulp helen intestinale erosie en verzweringen. Het bevat ook anti-inflammatory factoren en is voedende rijken. Het colostrum kan alleen of in combinatie met andere anti-inflammatory en/of immune substanties worden gebruikt. Het toekomstige onderzoek zou zich bij het identificeren van immune strategieën, nieuwe leveringssystemen en identificatie van bioactives in colostrum moeten concentreren.

Playford, RJ, et al. Het runder colostrum is een supplement van het gezondheidsvoedsel dat NSAID veroorzaakte darmschade verhindert. Darm 44:653-658 (1999). Hoewel de niet steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in het controleren van gezamenlijke pijn in artritis zeer efficiënt zijn, veroorzaakt hun gebruik ook significante, en soms fatale, gastro-intestinale schade. De aanvulling met colostrum, echter, verminderde en heelde beduidend verwonding die door NSAIDs wordt veroorzaakt.

Playford, RJ, et al. Het Co-beleid van het supplement van het gezondheidsvoedsel, rundercolostrum, vermindert de scherpe niet steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-veroorzaakte verhoging van intestinale doordringbaarheid. Klinische Wetenschap 100:627-633 (2001). Een andere studie door Dr.. Playford op de capaciteit van colostrum om schade te verhinderen toe te schrijven aan gebruik NSAID. Deze studie toonde aan dat het colostrum ook een verhoging van gastro-intestinale doordringbaarheid toe te schrijven aan gebruik NSAID verhindert, terwijl het gebruik NSAID alleen zonder colostrum een verhoging van doordringbaarheid veroorzaakt.

Goldman, ZOALS, et al. Anti-inflammatory eigenschappen van menselijke melk. Handelingen Paediatrica Scandinavica 75 (5):689-695 (1986). De belangrijkste anti-inflammatory componenten die in menselijke melk (en rundercolostrum worden gevonden) omvatten antiproteasen, lactoferrin, lypozyme, secretorische IgA, en een aantal anti-oxyderend, met inbegrip van cysteine, ascorbate, alpha--tocoferol en beta-carotene.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, S. Het menselijke colostrum heeft anti-inflammatory activiteit in een de zakmodel van de ratten onderhuids lucht van ontsteking. Pediatrisch Onderzoek 34 (2):208-212 (1993). In een proefdierenmodel dat onderhuidse luchtzakken bij ratten gebruikt, toonde het colostrum significante anti-inflammatory activiteit.

Buescher, S, mcWilliams-Koeppen, P. Factor-alpha- (tnf-Alpha-) receptoren de oplosbare van de tumornecrose in menselijke colostrum en melk binden aan tnf-Alpha- en neutraliseren tnf-Alpha- bio-activiteit. Pediatrisch Onderzoek 44 (1):37-42 (1998). De capaciteit van colostrum om de ontstekingsreactie te moduleren is uniek. Één van de manieren waarop het dit doet is door tnf-A receptorproteïnen, die in colostrum worden gevonden. Deze binden aan tnf-A, die tnf-A buiten werking stelt. Tnf-a is activator van de volledige ontstekingscascade, zodat door zijn activiteit, colostrumcontroles te controleren de graad van de ontstekingsreactie en kan het weg sluiten totaal.

Britigan, BE, et al. De rol van lactoferrin als anti-inflammatory molecule. Vooruitgang in Experimentele Geneeskunde en Biologie 357:143-156 (1994). Terwijl de rol van lactoferrin in het verstrekken van niet-specifieke immuniteit goed wordt gedocumenteerd, speelt het ook een rol in de anti-inflammatory reactie door zijn anti-oxyderend effect.

Conneely, OM. Anti-inflammatory activiteiten van lactoferrin. Dagboek van de Amerikaanse Universiteit van Voeding 20(Suppl. 5):389S-395S (2001). Lactoferrin remt huid ontstekingscytokineproductie en doet dienst als machtige anti-inflammatory proteïne bij lokale plaatsen van ontsteking, met inbegrip van de ademhalings en maagdarmkanalen.

Shigenaga, mk, et al. Oxydatieve schade en mitochondrial bederf in het verouderen. Werkzaamheden van de Nationale Academie van Wetenschappen de V.S. 91 (23):10771-10778 (1994). De belangrijkste bron van oxydatieve schade is oxidatiemiddelen die door mitochondria in de cellen van het lichaam worden geproduceerd. Mitochondrial functie daalt met leeftijd, met inbegrip van verminderde membraanvloeibaarheid, protonlekkage over het binnen mitochondrial membraan, en vermindert niveaus van cardiolipin, een belangrijk lipide dat het functioneren van proteïnen in het binnen mitochondrial membraan steunt.

Kurz, DJ, et al. De chronische oxydatieve spanning compromitteert telomere integriteit en versnelt het begin van senescentie in menselijke endothelial cellen. Dagboek van Wetenschap 117 van de Cel:2417-2426 (2004). De oxydatieve spanning toe te schrijven aan de opbouw van oxidatiebijproducten is verbonden met het begin van celsenescentie in de cellen van de bloedvatenvoering door telomere integriteit te onderbreken. Telomeres is de "staarten" van de chromosomen, de lengte waarvan het aantal celafdelingen bepaalt een cel kan ondergaan alvorens zijn grens te bereiken. Glutathione, een krachtig natuurlijk middel tegen oxidatie, is essentieel in het handhaven van telomere integriteit.

Borissenko, M. Glutathione: Een krachtige anti-oxyderend die in colostrum wordt gevonden. NZMP Augustus 2002. Zowel zijn glutathione als zijn chemische voorgangers aanwezig in grote hoeveelheden in colostrum. Aangezien glutathione niet direct wordt geabsorbeerd, glutathione kan de productie in het lichaam slechts door aanvulling met zijn antecedenten, cystine, glycine en glutamic zuur worden verwezenlijkt, die in colostrum overvloedig zijn.

Buescher, S, McIlheran, SM. Anti-oxyderende eigenschappen van menselijk colostrum. Pediatrisch Onderzoek 24 (1):14-19 (1988). Het colostrum vermindert ferricytochrome C in polymorphonuclear leukocyten (PMNs) en onderbreekt ook andere metabolische en enzymatische activiteiten van PMNs die in PMN ademhalingsuitbarstingsbemiddeling van scherpe ontsteking essentieel zijn aantoont, die dat het colostrum een krachtig middel tegen oxidatie is.

Buescher, S, McIlheran, SM. Colostrum anti-oxyderend: scheiding en karakterisering van twee activiteiten in menselijk colostrum. Dagboek van Pediatrische Gastro-enterologie en Voeding 14 (1):47-56 (1992). Het colostrum mengt zich in de productie van PMN ademhalingsuitbarstingsproducten in twee manieren, ascorbate en urinezuur.

Boldogh, I, et al. Modulatie van hetBemiddelde signaleren door proline-rijke peptides van schapencolostrum. Dagboek van Moleculaire Neurologie 20 (2):125-134 (2003). Colostrinin regelt lipideperoxidatie, remt glutathione neer uitputting en vermindert intracellular niveaus van reactieve zuurstofsoorten (ROS). Dit is één meer manier dat het colostrum anti-oxyderende activiteit aantoont.

Wakabayashi, H, et al. Remming van ijzer/ascorbate-veroorzaakte lipideperoxidatie door n-Eindpeptide van runderlactoferrin en zijn acylated derivaten. Biologische wetenschap, Biotechnologie, Biochemie 63 (5):955-957 (1999). Lactoferrin speelt ook een belangrijke anti-oxyderende rol in colostrum door lipideperoxidatie te verhinderen.

Satue-Gracia, MT, et al. Lactoferrin in zuigelingsformules: effect bij de oxydatie. Dagboek van Landbouw en Chemie van het Voedsel 48 (10):4984-4990 (2000). Hebben de commercieel gewijzigde zuigelingsformules die op de melk van de koe worden gebaseerd beduidend minder lactoferrin dan volle melk, en de sojaformules bevatten niets, alhoewel lactoferrin als proteïne van de ijzervervoerder dienst doet. Het toevoegen van lactoferrin aan zuigelingsformules resulteert in het dubbele voordeel van verhoogde ijzerabsorptie en doet dienst als anti-oxyderend en antimicrobial om de houdbaarheidsperiode van de formules uit te breiden.

Berk LS, Nieman DC, Youngberg WS, et al. (1989) Het effect dat van lange duurzaamheid op natuurlijke moordenaarscellen in marathoners loopt. Geneeskunde en Wetenschap in Sporten en Oefening. 22:207-212.

Buckley JD, et al. Effect van een Mondeling Runder Intact Supplement van het Colostrum bij het Runnen van Prestaties.Samenvatting van: 1998 Australische Conferentie van Wetenschap en Geneeskunde in Sport, Adelaide, Zuid-Australië, Oktober 1998.

Burke E. (1996) Colostrum als atletische versterker en hulp voor AIDS. Het Nieuws van de Wetenschap van de voeding.

Clark J. (1996) Gebruik van creatinefosfaat en creatineaanvulling voor de atleet. Wetenschappelijk en Klinisch Perspectief.

Mero A, et al. (1997) Gevolgen van rundercolostrumaanvulling voor serum igf-1, IgG, hormoon, en speeksel IgA tijdens opleiding. Dagboek van Toegepaste Fysiologie. 83:1144-1151.

Pb van Sparling, Nieman DC, O'Connor PJ. (1993) Geselecteerde wetenschappelijke aspecten van marathon die rent: een update op vloeibare vervanging, immune functie, psychologische factoren en het geslachtsverschil. De Geneeskunde van sporten. 15:116-132.

Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Verstappen PA., De Sport Nutr Exerc Metab van Int. J. 2002 Dec;12 (4):461-9. Verwante Artikelen, het effect van rundercolostrumaanvulling op oefeningsprestaties in het hockeyspelers van het elitegebied. Het Onderzoek van Numico, Bosrandweg 20..6704 PH Wageningen, Nederland.

Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, stelt PA op. Med Sci Sporten Exerc. 2002 Jul;34 (7):1184-8. Verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen, de gevolgen van de Dosis mondeling rundercolostrum voor fysieke het werkcapaciteit in fietsers. School van de Menselijke Studies van de Beweging, Universiteit van Queensland, St Lucia, Australië.

Mero, A.; Miikkulainen, H; Riski, J; Pakknen, R; Aalto, J; Takala, T. Gevolgen van rundercolostrumaanvulling voor serum igf-1, IgG, hormoon, en speeksel IgA tijdens opleiding. Dagboek van Van toepassing geweest, Fysiologie. 83 (4):1144-1151, April 1997.

J Buckley *, M Abbott, S Martin, G Brinkworth & P Whyte, Samenvatting van: 1998 Australische Conferentie van Wetenschap en Geneeskunde in Sport, Adelaide, Zuid-Australië, Oktober 1998. Effect van een mondeling rundercolostrumsupplement (intacte TM) bij het runnen van prestaties. Centrum voor Onderzoek naar Onderwijs en de Wetenschap van Sporten, Universiteit van Zuid-Australië.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Afd.. van Pediatrie, de Universiteit van de Wetenschappen van de Gezondheid van Oregon, Portland, OF, de mechanismen waardoor het de groeihormoon de groei bewerkstelligt. De relatieve bijdragen van de groeihormoon en insuline-als de groeifactoren. Am 1996 van het Noorden van Metab Clin van Endocrinol Sep; (3):615-31.

Liu JL, LeRoith D, de Klinische Tak van de Endocrinologie, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, insuline-als de groeifactor I is essentieel voor de postnatale groei in antwoord op de groeihormoon. Nov. van de endocrinologie 1999; 140 (11):5178-84.

Butler aa, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas M, Okubo Y, LeRoith D, de Tak van de Diabetes, NIH, Bethesda, MD, insuline-als de groei factor-i de transductie van het receptorsignaal: bij de interface tussen fysiologie en celbiologie.Pagina 3, Comp Sep van Biol 1998 van Biochemie Mol van Biochemie Physiol B; 121 (1):19-26.

Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Afd.. van Pediatrie, de Universiteit van de Wetenschappen van de Gezondheid van Oregon, Portland, OF, de bindende proteïne van de insuline-als de groeifactor (IGFBP) superfamily. Dec van Omwenteling 1999 van Endocr; 20 (6):761-87.

Buckley, J., et al. De "mondelinge aanvulling met rundercolostrum verhoogt verticale sprongprestaties."Voorgesteld bij 4de Jaarlijks Congres van de Europese Universiteit van de Wetenschap van Sporten, Rome 14-17 Juli, 1999.

Mero, A., et al. "Gevolgen van rundercolostrumaanvulling voor serum igf-I, IgG, hormoon, en speeksel IgA tijdens opleiding."J Appl Physiol, 1997;83 (4):144-1151.

Wu, A.H. & Perryman, M.B. "Klinische toepassingen van spierenzymen en proteïnen."Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4 (6):815-820.

Antonio, J, et al. De gevolgen van rundercolostrumaanvulling voor lichaamssamenstelling en oefeningsprestaties in actieve mannen en vrouwen. Voeding 17 (3):243-247 (2001). Werden de actief opleidende mannelijke en vrouwelijke atleten gegeven colostrumaanvulling of placebo voor een periode van 8 weken. De onderwerpen die colostrum maar niet placebo ontvangen toonden een verhoging van magere lichaamsmassa.

Brinkworth, GD, et al. Het effect van rundercolostrumaanvulling op de samenstelling van weerstand leidde en ongeoefende lidmaten bij gezonde jonge mensen op. Europees Dagboek van Toegepaste Fysiologie 9 (11):53-60 (2004). Of het rundercolostrum of de weiproteïne werd gegeven aan jonge mensen die of aan de gang of aan de geen gang waren. Die in de opleidende groep die colostrum ontving toonden een beduidend grotere verhoging van zowel hogere wapenomtrek als gebied in dwarsdoorsnede in vergelijking met die die wei ontvangen, terwijl zij die niet aan de gang waren geen verandering toonden.

Buckley, JD, et al. Effect van rundercolostrum op anaërobe oefeningsprestaties en factor I van de plasma insuline-als groei. Dagboek van Wetenschap van Sporten 21 (7):577-588 (2003). De atleten in opleiding werden gegeven of rundercolostrum of placebo 8 weken. Die die colostrum ontvangen toonden een significante verhoging van piek anaërobe macht over placebo.

Coombes, JS, et al. De gevolgen van de dosis van mondeling rundercolostrum voor fysieke het werkcapaciteit in fietsers. Geneeskunde en Wetenschap in Sporten en Oefening 34 (7):1184-1188 (2002). Studies van de dosering die bij de opleiding van fietsers worden gedaan toonden een kleine maar significante verbetering van tijdproeven bij dosissen 20 g of 60 g/dag.

Hofman, Z, et al. Het effect van rundercolostrumaanvulling op oefeningsprestaties in het hockeyspelers van het elitegebied. Internationaal Dagboek van Metabolisme van de Voeding en van de Oefening van Sporten 12 (4):461-469 (2002). Aanvulling van het colostrum in het hockeyspelers van het elitegebied, zowel mannetje als wijfje, resulteerde in betere sprintprestaties over placebo.

Nieman, DC, et al. De niveaus van de aanvulling en immunoglobulin in atleten en sedentaire controles. Internationaal Dagboek van Geneeskunde van Sporten 10 (2):124-128 (1989). Niveaus van het bloed van aanvullingen C3 en C4 maar niet immunoglobulins verminderden tijdens periodes van rust, gesorteerde maximale oefening en terugwinning in marathon agenten.

Nieman, DC, et al. Gevolgen van lang-duurzaamheid voor immuun systeemparameters en de lymfocyt die functioneren in ervaren marathoners de lopen. Internationaal Dagboek van Geneeskunde van Sporten 10 (5):317-323 (1989). Marathon de agenten ervaren een verstoring van normale immune functie na het runnen van lange afstanden, een voorwaarde die op normale niveaus terugkomt die 21 uren van terugwinning volgen.

Berk, LS, et al. Het effect dat van lange duurzaamheid op natuurlijke moordenaarscellen in marathoners loopt. Geneeskunde en Wetenschap in Sporten en Oefening 22 (2):207-212 (1990). Een significante daling van de bevolking van de natuurlijke moordenaarscel werd in marathon agenten gezien die drie uren van maximale oefening met volledige terugwinning van pre-oefeningsniveaus volgen tegen 21 uren. Dit correleerde met verhogingen van cortisol niveaus tijdens oefening.

Sparling, Pb, et al. Geselecteerde wetenschappelijke aspecten van marathon het rennen. Een update op vloeibare vervanging, immune functie, psychologische factoren en het geslachtsverschil. Geneeskunde van sporten 15 (2):116-132 (1993). De negatieve veranderingen in het immune systeem tijdens het lange afstand lopen verhogen de kansen van hogere ademhalingsbesmettingen in deze atleten voor een periode na oefening. De juiste voeding, adequate rust en aangewezen krijgt tussen workouts terug evenals kunnen andere maatregelen het risico verminderen.

Burke, ER. Colostrum als Atletische Versterker en Hulp voor AIDS. Het Nieuws van de Wetenschap van de voeding mag, 1996. Terwijl de lekke darm van belang voor iedereen is, is het bijzonder zo voor atleten die alle voedingsmiddelen moeten gebruiken zij nemen en binnen besmetting verhinderen wanneer hun immune systemen na oefening worden geschaad. Vele atleten lijden aan irritable darmsyndroom als resultaat van onvolledige spijsvertering van eiwitsupplementen. De rol van de colostrum-afgeleide insuline-als groei factor-1 (igf-1), de epidermale de groeifactor (EGF), de plaatje-afgeleide de groeifactor (PDGF) en het omzetten van de groei factor-bèta (tgf-Ss) worden in het helen van lekke darm onderzocht.

Buckley, JD, et al. De runder colostrumaanvulling tijdens duurzaamheid lopende opleiding verbetert terugwinning, maar niet prestaties. Dagboek van Wetenschap en Geneeskunde in Sport 5 (2):65-79 (2002). Terwijl de aanvulling met rundercolostrum geen niveaus van igf-1 in het bloed of de aanvankelijke prestaties verhoogt, beduidend verbeteren de prestaties in een tweede ronde van oefening.

Oplichters, C, et al. De runder colostrumaanvulling verhoogt niveaus van s-iga in afstandsagenten: een studie die op atleten in opleiding voor marathon Rotorua wordt gebaseerd van 2002. Ongepubliceerd onderzoek. Marathon agenten in opleiding werden gegeven rundercolostrum of placebo 12 weken in een dubbele blinde studie. Die in de colostrumgroep toonden beduidend meer secretorische IgA (s-igA) in hun speeksel dan of de placebogroep of sedentaire controles. De colostrumgroep meldde ook een beduidend lager tarief hogere ademhalingsbesmettingen (URI) tijdens deze periode.

Kasemkijwattana, C, et al. Gebruik van de groeifactoren om spier het helen na spanningsverwonding te verbeteren. Klinische Orthopedie 370:272-285 (2000). De verwondingen van de spier, zoals spanningen, zijn gemeenschappelijk in atleten. Het gebruik van de groeifactoren, zoals igf-1, wordt in het behandelen van dergelijke verwondingen onderzocht.

Molloy, T, et al. De rollen van de groeifactoren in pees en ligament het helen. Geneeskunde van sporten 33 (5):381-394 (2003). De rollen van vijf verschillende de groeifactoren, igf-1, tgf-Ss, vasculaire endothelial de groeifactor (VEGF), plaatje-afgeleide de groeifactor (PDGF) en de basisfactor van de fibroblastgroei (bFGF) wordt, in het helen van pees en ligamentverwondingen onderzocht. Elk speelt een verschillende maar essentiële rol in het proces.

Sato, K, et al. Verbetering van spier het helen door verhoging van spierregeneratie en preventie van bindweefselvermeerdering. Spier & Zenuw 28 (3):355-372 (2003). Igf-1 kan spierregeneratie in verwonde spier verbeteren.

Liang, L, et al. [ Effect van cytokines op reparatie van peesverwonding ] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi (Chinese) 14 (5):283-285 (2000). Cytokines, zoals de de groeifactoren, kan peesreparatie versnellen.

Mero, A, et al. Igf-I, reacties IgA, en IgG op rundercolostrumaanvulling tijdens opleiding. Dagboek van Toegepaste Fysiologie 93 (2):732-739 (2002). De aanvulling van het colostrum verhoogt niveaus van igf-1 en IgA in de opleiding van atleten, maar igf-1 in het colostrum is niet geabsorbeerde intact.

Kuipers, H, et al. Gevolgen van mondelinge rundercolostrumaanvulling voor de serum insuline-als groei factor-i niveaus. Voeding 18 (78):165-172 (2002). Een studie voor het Internationale Olympische Comité toonde geen verhoging van bloed igf-1 of igf-Bp3 niveaus na 4 weken tijd.

Zimecki, M, et al. Effect van een proline-rijk polypeptide (PRP) op de ontwikkeling van hemolytic bloedarmoede en overleving de zwarte (NZB) muizen van van Nieuw Zeeland. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39 (56):461-467 (1991). Colostrinin (PRP) verhoogde overleving in muizen vatbaar voor hemolytic bloedarmoede, een auto-immune ziekte. Het wordt een hypothese opgesteld colostrinin ontstoringsapparaatcellen veroorzaakt die ontwikkeling van de ziekte vertragen. Dit stelt voor dat colostrinin therapeutische waarde kan hebben in het behandelen van auto-immune ziekten.

Butler, J. E. Immunoglobulins van de Borstafscheidingen. Hoofdstuk Vijf. in: Lactatie: Een Uitvoerige Verhandeling. Volume. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson en V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Academische Pers. New York. 1974.

Christopher-Henning, J., et al., lmmunocompromise in gnotobiotic varkens die door Escherichia coli worden veroorzaakt verotoxin-te produceren (Olll:NM). Besmet. Immun. 1993. 61: p. 2304-2308.

Doyle, P. S. Anti-Cryptosporiduim remmen de antilichamen in vitro besmettelijkheid en in 9 vivo. Besmetting en Immuniteit 61 (10):4079-4084. Oct. 1993.

Ho, P.C., en Lawton, J.W.M. Menselijke colostrumcellen: Fagocytose en het doden van E. Coli en C. Albicans. Het Dagboek van Pediatrie. Volume. 93, Nr. 6, pp. 910-915.

Kim, K., et al., In vitro en levende neutraliserende activiteit van menselijke colostrum en melk tegen gezuiverde toxine A en difficile B van Clostridium. T. Besmet. Dis. 1985. 150: p. 57-61.

Majumdar, A. S., et al., Beschermende eigenschappen van anti-choleraantilichamen in menselijk colostrum. Besmet. Immun. 1982. 36:p. 962965.

McClead, R., et al., Weerstand van runder anti-choleratoxine IgG tegen proteolyse in vitro en levende. Pedia. Onderzoek. 1982.6: p. 227-231.

Morris, J. A., et al., Passieve bescherming van lammeren tegen enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: Rol van antilichamen in serum en colostrum. T. Med. Microbiol.1980 13: p. 265-271.

Spik, G., et al., Bacteriostasis van een melk-gevoelige spanning van E. coli immunoglobulins en ijzer-bindende proteïnen verbonden aan colostrum. Immunologie. 1981. 35: p. 663-670.

Wada, N., et al., Neutraliserende activiteit tegen de difficile toxine van het Clostridium in supernatants van beschaafde colostrumcellen. Besmet. Immun.. 198029: p. 545-550.

Watzl, B., et al., Verhoging van weerstand tegen parvum Cryptosporidium door samengevoegd rundercolostrum tijdens ratten retroviral besmetting. Am. T. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993. 48 (4): p. 519-523.

Funatogawa K, Winde T, Kirikae F, Saruta K, Nakano M, Kirikae T. Microbiol Immunol. 2002;46 (11):761-6. De verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen, Gebruik van immunoglobulin verrijkten rundercolostrum tegen mondelinge uitdaging met enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in muizen. Het zuidelijke Directe Bureau van de Inspectie van de Producten van het Vlees, Tochigi, Tochigi 328-0033, Japan.

Seifert J, Molkewehrum M, Oesser S, Nebermann L, Schulze C. Eur Surg Onderzoek. 2002 januari-Apr;34 (12):68-72. Verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen, Endotoxin inactivering door enterally toegepast colostrum van verschillende samenstelling. Chirurgisch Onderzoek, Ministerie van Chirurgie en Borstchirurgie, Kiel, Duitsland.

Bolke E, Jehle PM, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., Schok. 2002 Jan;17 (1):9-12. Verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen, Preoperative mondelinge toepassing van immunoglobulin-verrijkte colostrummelk en bemiddelaarsreactie tijdens buikchirurgie. Afdeling van Chirurgie, Universiteit van Ulm, Duitsland.

Lilius EM, Marnila P. Curr Opin besmet Dis. 2001 Jun;14 (3):295-300. Verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen, de rol van colostrumantilichamen in preventie van microbiële besmettingen. Afdeling van Biochemie en de Chemie van het Voedsel, Universiteit van Turku, Turku, Finland.

Graczyk TK, Cranfield M., Bostwick EF., J Parasitol. 2000 Jun;86 (3):631-2. Verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen, de Succesvolle behandeling van het hyperimmune rundercolostrum van de monitors van de Savanne (exanthematicus Varanus) besmet met Cryptosporidium SP. Afdeling van de Moleculaire Microbiologie en Immunologie, School van Hygiëne en Volksgezondheid, de Universiteit van Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, de V.S..

Huppertz HALLO, Rutkowski S, Busch DH, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29 (4):452-6. De verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen, Rundercolostrum verbetert diarree in besmetting met diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, en E. coli die intimin en hemolysin uitdrukt. Het Ziekenhuis van kinderen, de Universiteit van Wurzburg, Duitsland.

Bitzan, M.M.; Goud, B.D.; Philpott, D.J.; Huesca, M.; Sherman, P.M.; Karch, H.; Lissner, R.; Lingwood, C.A.; Karmali, M.A.; Remming die van pylori Helicobacter en mustelae Helicobactor aan lipidereceptoren door rundercolostrum bindt. Het Dagboek van Besmettelijke Ziekten. 177:955-961, April 1998.

Th van Casswall, Sarker SA, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12 (6):563-8. Verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen, Behandeling van Helicobacter pyloribesmetting in zuigelingen in landelijk Bangladesh met mondelinge immunoglobulins van hyperimmune rundercolostrum. Afdeling van Klinische Wetenschappen, Huddinge het Ziekenhuis, Karolinska Instituut, Zweden.

MM. van Bitzan, Gouden BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman PM, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood CA, Karmali MA. J besmet Dis. 1998 Apr;177 (4):955-61. Verwante Artikelen, Verbindingen die, Remming van pylori Helicobacter en mustelae Helicobacter aan lipidereceptoren door rundercolostrum binden. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):276-83. Related Articles, Links, Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Flanigan T, Marshall R, Redman D, Kaetzel C, Ungar B. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):225S-227S. Related Articles, Links, In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Mukoyama A. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;65(1):54-60. Related Articles, Links,[Bacteriostatic activity of bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health.

Stephan W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 Jan;28(1):19-23. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Biotest Pharma GmbH, Forschungsabteilung, Frankfurt.

Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3. Related Articles, Links, Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Opdebeeck JP, Norcross NL. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Jul;46(7):1561-4. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus.

McClead RE, Gregory SA. Infect Immun. 1984 May;44(2):474-8. Related Articles, Links, Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis.

McClead RE, Butler T, Rabbani GH. (1988) Orally Administered Bovine Colostral Anti-Cholera Toxin Antibodies: Results of Two Clinical Trials. The American Journal of Medicine. 85:811-816

Michalek SM, McGhee JR. (1977) Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to streptococcus mutans elicits protection. Infection and Immunity. 17:644-650.

Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.

Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Bovine colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens.

Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens.

Korhonen, H. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78:655-662 (1995). The antibody-complement system found in bovine colostrum was also found to be bactericidal against H. pylori.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78(6):655-662 (1995). Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers in humans. Serum and colostrum from non-immunized Friesian cows were found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori. Post-colostral milk did not show any bactericidal effect against H. pylori.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998). H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.

Wada, T, et al. The therapeutic effect of bovine lactoferrin in the host infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 34(3):238-243 (1999). Mice infected with H. pylori were given a daily dose of bovine lactoferrin for 2-4 weeks. Their intestines were then examined for bacterial content. Numbers of H. pylori were reduced to 10% of pre-lactoferrin levels and greatly decreased the numbers of H. pylori bound to the intestinal wall. Serum antibody titer to H. pylori were reduced to practically zero, indicating that the immune response of the host was no longer recognizing H. pylori infection. Therefore it was deduced that lactoferrin has a direct antibacterial effect on H. pylori infection and prevents binding of the pathogen to the intestinal lining.

Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002). Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.

Lilius, EM, Marnila, P. The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14(3): 295-300 (2001) . Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer's patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother's colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Masson, PL, et al. An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clinica Chemica Acta 14:735 (1966). Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of siderophilic (iron-loving) bacteria and Candida albicans.

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Shahani, K. et al, Antitumor activity of fermented colostrum and milk 01-May-83 - Investigated the effect of feeding fresh colostrum and colostrum cultured with either L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus or yoghurt starter on the proliferation of ascites tumor cells.

Parodi, PW. Cows' milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. Journal of Nutrition 127(6):1055-1060 (1997). Including dairy products in the diet has been shown to lessen the chance of developing cancer. One of the ways dairy products accomplish this is through the anticarcinogenic properties of several milk fats, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), sphingomyelin, butyric acid and ether lipids. Cows also have the ability to absorb anticarcinogenic compounds, such as beta-carotene, beta-ionone and gossypol, from their feed and include them in their milk.

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Hagiwara, K, et al. Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76:183-190 (2000).

Zoltan P. Rona, M.D., M.Sc., Bovine Colostrum Emerges as Immunity Modulator, March 1998, American Journal of Natural Medicine)

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Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine colostrinine (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor product by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis (Warsaw) 45(1):43-47 (1997). Colostrinin stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interferon-beta (INF-ß), both important cytokines in the inflammatory response.

Bocci, V, et al. What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biologic Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents 5(4):121-124 (1991). The cytokines present in colostrum, such as TNF-a, interferon-?, IL-1 and IL-6, have an immunostimulatory effect. This could be significant for aged people or others with immunodeficiency.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

Bogdan, C, Nathan, C. Modulation of macrophage function by transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 685:713-739 (1993). Certain cytokines found in colostrum, TGF-ß, IL-4 and IL-10, have a modulatory effect on macrophages, either stimulating or deactivating them as conditions dictate.

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Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via colostrum.

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 -915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001) Interleukin-1ß in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, et al. (1998) Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961.

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McGauley GA (1987) Abnormal intestinal permeability: An aetiological factor in chronic psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 150:853-856.

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Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

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Rooney, P.J>; Jenkins, R.T.; Buchanan, W.W. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint diseases. Clinical and Experimental Rhuematalogy. 8:75-83, 1990.

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Batash, S., et al. Intestinal permeability in HIV infection: proper controls are necessary (letter). American Journal of Gastroenterology. 87:680, 1992.

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Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Gastroenterology. 1984 Aug;87(2):379-85. Related Articles, Links, A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid. Studies in adult and suckling rats.

Pironi, L.; et al. "Relationship Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Activity in Asymptomatic Patients with Crohn's Diseasse," Dig. Dis. Sci. 35(5):582-588, 1990.

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Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Bühler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Unpublished research (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Rooney, PJ, et al. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 8:75-83 (1990). The connection between increased permeability of the intestines and inflammatory arthritis is examined. The gut is the likely source of the antigens which cause inflammatory arthritis.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere's Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

Abe H, Saito H, Miyakawa H, et al. (1991) Heat stability of bovine lactoferrin at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:65-71.

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Harmsen MC, Swart PJ, de Bethune MP, et al. (1995) Antiviral effects of plasma and mild proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 172:380-388.

Hasegawa K, Motsuchi W, Tanaka S, Dosako S. (1994) Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Jpn. Journal of Sci. Biol. 47:73-85.

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Masaaki I, and et al. (1999) Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 17:35-40.

Mikogami T. (1995) Effect of intracellular iron depletion by picolinic acid on expression of the lactoferrin receptor in the human colon carcinoma cell sub-clone HT29-18-C1. Biochemistry Journal. 308:391-397.

Petschow B, Talbott R, Batema R. (1999) Ability of lactoferrin to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in vitro is independent of recptor binding capacity and iron saturation level. Journal of Microbiology. 48:541-549.

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Saito H, Miyakawa H, Tamura Y, Shimamura S, Tomita M. (1991) Potent bactericidal activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate produced by heat treatment at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3724-3730.

Shin K, Yamauchi K, Teraguchi S, et al. (1998) Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin and its peptides against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 26:407-411.

Thaler C, Labarrer C, Hunt J, McIntyre J, Faulk P. (1999) Unique epitopes of lactoferrin expressed in human cytotrophoblasts involved in immunologic reactions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):460-7.

Viani RM, Gutteberg TJ, Lathey JL, Spector SA. (1999) Lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro and exhibits synergy when combined with zidovudine. AIDS. 13:1273-4.

Vorland L, Ulvatne H, Andersen J, et al. (1999) Antibacterial effects of lactoferricin B. Scandinavian Journal of Infected Disease. 31:179-184.

Zagulski T, Jarzabek Z, Zagulska A, Zimecki M. (1998) The main systemic, highly effective mechanisms generated by lactoferrin in mammals in vitro. Advances in Lactoferrin Research. 443:247-50.

Yamauchi K, Tomita M, Giehl TJ, Ellison RT. Antibacterial activity of lactoferrin and a pepsin-derived lactoferrin peptide fragment. Infection and Immunity. 61:719-728, 1993.

Bellamy, W., et al. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 73:472-479, 1992.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.

van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.

Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.

Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).

Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.

Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000). Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.

Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000). The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.

Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999). Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.

Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999). Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.

Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutrition and Cancer 38(2):192-199 (2000). A similar study on the protective effects of lactoferrin supplementation on protecting from lung metastasis in experimentally induced colon cancer. In addition to the increase in cytotoxic cells seen in other studies, there was also an increase in IL-18 production in the intestinal epithelium, suggesting it plays a role in mediating the inhibition of the cancers.

Tsuda, H, et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin. Mutation Research 462(2-3):227-233 (2000). In addition to the protection provided by lactoferrin against the development of cancers, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) also plays an inhibitory role on cancer development.

Tsuda, H, et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms--a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):131-136 (2002). Lactoferrin supplementation in experimental animal models of colon cancer show that it also suppresses phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A2, by cancer cells, while enhancing the activity of phase II enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase, both of which act to inhibit the development of these cancers. Lactoferrin also boosts local and systemic immunity, particularly the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in the intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood, which in turn stimulates the production of IL-18 and caspase-1 in intestinal epithelial cells and possibly the appearance of interferon-gamma (INF-?) positive cells. Bovine lactoferrin was also found to have anti-hepatitis C acti