Seguir é referências aos papéis que relacionam-se ao efficacy do colostrum *:

LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. - M, et al. (1996) comparação dos titers de IgE aos immunoglobulins colostral de G dos Bovídeos e dos fragmentos F(ab')2 nos sera dos pacientes allergic ao leite. Allergy Interno Immunol Do Arco. 110:156-162.

Savilahti E, Tainio Vm, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes Miliampère. (1991) IgA colostral baixo associou com o allergy do leite da vaca. Varredura De Pediatr Do Acta. 80:1207-1213.

Selo I, G clement, Bernard H, et al. (1999) allergy ao B-b-lactoglobulin dos Bovídeos: specificity de IgE humano aos peptides tryptic. Allergy clínico e experimental. 29:1055-1063.

Delespesse, G. Fatores do polypeptide do colostrum. Patente #5,371,073 dos E. U. (1994). Os fatores obrigatórios de IgE (o immunoglobulin envolvido na resposta allergic) (IgE-bf) e do supressor de IgE atividade (IgE-SF) obtida do colostrum foram usados com sucesso tratar allergies.

Collins, AM, et al. O leite de Bovídeos, including o leite pasteurized, contem os antibodies dirigidos de encontro aos allergens da importância clínica ao homem. Arquivos internacionais do allergy e do immunology aplicado 96:362-367 (1991). A presença dos antibodies de encontro a muitos dos allergies os mais comuns no homem, including o pólen do ryegrass, os ácaros da poeira da casa, o molde do aspergilo e o gluten do trigo, foi detectada no colostrum dos Bovídeos.

Elrod, KC, et al. Lactoferrin, um inibidor potent do tryptase, respostas abolished do airway da tarde-fase em carneiros allergic. Jornal americano da medicina crítica respiratory 156 do cuidado:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, um enzyme digestivo, foi implicado em vários aspectos do asthma, including o bronchoconstriction e o hyperreactivity do airway. O lactoferrin foi mostrado para inibir a atividade do tryptase, assim aliviando os sintomas do asthma.

Goldman, as, et al. Propriedades anti-inflammatory do leite humano. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). Os componentes anti-inflammatory principais encontraram no leite humano (e no colostrum dos Bovídeos) incluem os anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgA secretory, e um número de antioxidants, including o cysteine, o ascorbato, o alfa-alpha-tocopherol e o beta-carotene.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, Es. O colostrum humano tem a atividade anti-inflammatory em um modelo subcutaneous do malote do ar do rato do inflammation. Pesquisa Pediatric 34(2):208-212 (1993). Nos malotes subcutaneous usando-se modelo de um ar do animal experimental nos ratos, o colostrum mostrou a atividade anti-inflammatory significativa.

Buescher, Es, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Os receptors soluble do fator-alfa do necrosis do tumor (TNF-alfa) no colostrum e no leite humanos ligam ao TNF-alfa e neutralizam o bioactivity do TNF-alfa. Pesquisa Pediatric 44(1):37-42 (1998). A abilidade do colostrum de modular a resposta inflammatory é original. Uma das maneiras em que faz esta é através das proteínas do receptor de TNF-a, que são encontradas no colostrum. Estes ligam a TNF-a, que inactivates o TNF-a. TNF-a é o activador da cascata inflammatory inteira, assim que controlando sua atividade, o colostrum controla o grau da resposta inflammatory e pode fechá-la fora completamente.

"os estudos clínicos mostram que IgE encontrado no colostrum dos Bovídeos, pode ser responsável para regular a resposta allergic," de acordo com o afastamento cilindro/rolo. Tortora, Funke e molde no microbiology.

Arco Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999;47(6):377-85.

Amaducci L. (1988) phosphatidylserine no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer: resultados de um estudo do multicenter. Boletim Do Psychopharmacology. 24(1):130-4.

Leszek J, ANÚNCIO De Inglot, Janusz M, Lisowski J, Krukowska K, Georgiades JA. (1999) Colostrinin: um complexo Proline-Rico do polypeptide (PRP) isolado do colostrum ovine para o tratamento da doença de Alzheimer. Um Dobro - Estudo Placebo-Controlado Cego. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 47(6):377-85.

Leszek, J, et al. Complexo proline-rico do colostrum ovine - um estudo a longo prazo do polypeptide de Colostrinin® de seu efficacy na doença de Alzheimer. Monitor Médico Da Ciência 8(10):P193-P196 (2002). Em um estudo longer-term, o colostrinin produziu a melhoria ou a estabilização nos pacientes envolvidos no estudo.

Amaducci, L, et al. Uso do phosphatidylserine na doença de Alzheimer. Annals do academy de New York da ciência 640:245-249 (1991). O suplemento com phosphatidylserine, um dos phospholipids encontrou no BIO-bIO-lipid, produz também uma melhoria nos sintomas em Alzheimer.

Trafulha, TH, et al. Efeitos do phosphatidylserine em impairment idade-associado da memória. Neurology 41(5):644-649 (1991). Os pacientes com impairment idade-associado da memória mostraram a melhoria significativa em testes do desempenho da memória com suplemento do phosphatidylserine sobre um período de 12 semanas.

Trafulha, T, et al. Efeitos do phosphatidylserine na doença de Alzheimer. Boletim Do Psychopharmacology 28(1):61-66 (1992). Um outro estudo que mostrasse uma melhoria nos sintomas de Alzheimer com suplemento do phosphatidylserine sobre 12 semanas. Menos o impairment, mais grande a melhoria, sugerindo que o suplemento do phosphatidylserine é começado mais cedo no curso da doença, melhores os resultados serão.

Cruz, CE, et al. Radicais do oxigênio e doença humana. Annals da medicina interna 107(4):526-545 (1987). Os radicais livres do oxigênio, os by-products do metabolism normal, foram implicados nos processos da doença que variam do carcinogenesis ao envelhecimento, emfatizando a importância dos antioxidants em combater estas circunstâncias.

Ames, BN, et al. Oxidants, antioxidants, e as doenças degenerative do envelhecimento. Continuações da National Academy of Sciences EUA 90(17):7915-7922 (1993). Os by-products do oxidant do metabolism causam os danos significativos ao DNA, às proteínas e aos lipids. Estes danos resultam no envelhecimento e nas doenças degenerative associadas com o envelhecimento, tal como o cancer, a doença cardiovascular, o declínio do sistema imune, o dysfunction do cérebro e os cataracts. As defesas antioxidant de encontro a estas doenças declinam com a idade, necessitando o suplemento dos antioxidants na dieta.

Ballard et. al. "efeitos de agentes anabolic na avaria da proteína."Biochem J, 1983;210:243-249:

Gil, A. & Sanchez-Medina, F. "nucleotides soluble ácidos do leite da vaca, da cabra e do carneiro em estágios diferentes do lactation."jornal da pesquisa da leiteria, 1981;48:35-44.

Ullman, et al. "efeitos do hormone do crescimento na regeneração do músculo e na concentração IgF-1 em ratos velhos."Acta Physiol Scand, 1990;140:521-525.

Xian, C.J., et al. a "degradação de IGF-1 no intervalo gastrointestinal do rato do adulto é limitada por um antiserum específico ou pelo casein dietético da proteína."jornal do endocrinology, 1995;146:215-225.

Holbrook, N.J. & Ikeyama, S. "declínio age-related na resposta celular ao stress oxidative: ligações ao fator do crescimento que sinaliza pathways com defeitos comuns."Biochem Pharmacol, 2002;64(5-6):999-1005.

Playford, R.J., et al. a "Co-administração do suplemento a alimento de saúde, colostrum dos Bovídeos, reduz o aumento droga-induzido anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal agudo na permeabilidade intestinal."Clin Sci (Lond), 2001;100(6):627-633.

Instituto do chemistry e do biochemistry, str de Hellbrunner. 34. 5020 Salzburg, Áustria. Univ.- prof. Dr.. Albert Duschl.

Elrod, KC, et al. Lactoferrin, um inibidor potent do tryptase, respostas abolished do airway da tarde-fase em carneiros allergic. Jornal americano da medicina crítica respiratory 156 do cuidado:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, um enzyme digestivo, foi implicado em vários aspectos do asthma, including o bronchoconstriction e o hyperreactivity do airway. O lactoferrin foi mostrado para inibir a atividade do tryptase, assim aliviando os sintomas do asthma.

os "glycoproteins no colostrum dos Bovídeos inibem o acessório das bactérias dos pylori de Helicobacter que causam ulcers do estômago. O colostrum contem quantidades significativas de interleukin-10, um agente inhibitory do inflammation forte encontrou significativo em reduzir o inflammation em junções arthritic e as áreas de ferimento, "escreveram o Dr.. Olle Hernell, da universidade de Ulmea, Sweden, no compartimento da ciência.

Anti-Microbial (Moldoveanu, Zina, et al, "propriedades anti-bacterianas do leite; Annals das interações do Peroxidase-peroxidase-Lactoferrin de IgA _ "de N.Y. Academy da ciência, (1983) Vol. 409. 848-850.

Kim, K. et al, "em Vitro e na atividade neutralizando de Vivo do colostrum e do leite humanos de encontro aos toxins purified A e B jornal de Difficle do clostridium" de Doença infectious (1984) Vol. 150 (1) 57-61.

Wada, N., et al, "atividade neutralizando de encontro aos toxins de Difficile do clostridium no supernatant de pilhas colostral cultivadas" Infectioius Immunology (1980) Vol. 29. 545-550).

McConnell, M.A.; Ribeiros, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M.B.; Buchan, G. Um estudo comparativo do immunoglobulin sente e atividade anti-inflammatory em quatro produtos de leite. Jornal da ciência da leiteria. Publicação forthcoming.

Borody, TJ, et al. Visão do túnel no bowel. Centro para as doenças digestivas (2001). Revisão do syndrome irritable do bowel, including o colitis ulcerative e a doença de Crohn, e seu etiology, including agentes infective tais como Shigella e campylobacter. As infecções do gut são difíceis de tratar porque nenhuma terapia antimicrobial está disponível que é eficaz de encontro aos spores dos clostridia. Somente o colostrum dos Bovídeos provou o efficacy clínico em eradicating os pathogens intestinal, tais como o rotavirus, e pode ajudar controlar as infecções vistas em disorders crônicos tais como o syndrome irritable do bowel devido ao número de componentes biològica ativos no colostrum. Os fatores do crescimento na ajuda do colostrum heal erosões e ulcerations intestinal. Também contem fatores anti-inflammatory e é rich nutrientes. O colostrum pode ser usado sozinho ou em combinação com outras substâncias anti-inflammatory e/ou imunes. A pesquisa futura deve focalizar em identificar estratégias, sistemas da entrega da novela e a identificação imunes dos bioactives no colostrum.

Playford, RJ, et al. O colostrum dos Bovídeos é um suplemento a alimento de saúde que impeça os danos induzidos NSAID do gut. Gut 44:653-658 (1999). Embora as drogas anti-inflammatory non-non-steroidal (NSAIDs) sejam muito eficazes em controlar a dor comum no arthritis, seu uso causa também os danos significativos, e às vezes fatais, gastrointestinal. O suplemento com colostrum, entretanto, significativamente reduziu e healed ferimento causado por NSAIDs.

Playford, RJ, et al. a Co-administração do suplemento a alimento de saúde, colostrum dos Bovídeos, reduz o aumento droga-induzido anti-inflammatory non-non-steroidal agudo na permeabilidade intestinal. Ciência Clínica 100:627-633 (2001). Um outro estudo por Dr.. Playford na abilidade do colostrum de impedir os danos devido ao uso de NSAID. Este estudo mostrou que o colostrum impede também um aumento na permeabilidade gastrointestinal devido ao uso de NSAID, visto que o uso de NSAID sozinho sem colostrum causa um aumento na permeabilidade.

Goldman, as, et al. Propriedades anti-inflammatory do leite humano. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). Os componentes anti-inflammatory principais encontraram no leite humano (e no colostrum dos Bovídeos) incluem os anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgA secretory, e um número de antioxidants, including o cysteine, o ascorbato, o alfa-alpha-tocopherol e o beta-carotene.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, Es. O colostrum humano tem a atividade anti-inflammatory em um modelo subcutaneous do malote do ar do rato do inflammation. Pesquisa Pediatric 34(2):208-212 (1993). Nos malotes subcutaneous usando-se modelo de um ar do animal experimental nos ratos, o colostrum mostrou a atividade anti-inflammatory significativa.

Buescher, Es, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Os receptors soluble do fator-alfa do necrosis do tumor (TNF-alfa) no colostrum e no leite humanos ligam ao TNF-alfa e neutralizam o bioactivity do TNF-alfa. Pesquisa Pediatric 44(1):37-42 (1998). A abilidade do colostrum de modular a resposta inflammatory é original. Uma das maneiras em que faz esta é através das proteínas do receptor de TNF-a, que são encontradas no colostrum. Estes ligam a TNF-a, que inactivates o TNF-a. TNF-a é o activador da cascata inflammatory inteira, assim que controlando sua atividade, o colostrum controla o grau da resposta inflammatory e pode fechá-la fora completamente.

Britigan, SEJA, et al. O papel do lactoferrin como uma molécula anti-inflammatory. Avanços na medicina e na biologia experimentais 357:143-156 (1994). Quando o papel do lactoferrin em fornecer o immunity non-specific for documentado bem, joga também um papel na resposta anti-inflammatory com seu efeito antioxidant.

Conneely, OM. Atividades anti-inflammatory do lactoferrin. Jornal da faculdade americana do nutrition 20(Suppl. 5):389S-395S (2001). O lactoferrin inibe a produção inflammatory dermal do cytokine e age como uma proteína anti-inflammatory potent em locais locais do inflammation, including os intervalos respiratory e gastrointestinal.

Shigenaga, MK, et al. Os danos oxidative e deterioração mitochondrial no envelhecimento. Continuações da National Academy of Sciences EUA 91(23):10771-10778 (1994). A fonte principal dos danos oxidative é oxidants gerados pelos mitochondria nas pilhas do corpo. A função mitochondrial declina com idade, including a fluidez diminuída da membrana, escapamento do proton através da membrana mitochondrial interna, e diminui níveis do cardiolipin, um lipid importante que suporte funcionar das proteínas na membrana mitochondrial interna.

Kurz, DJ, et al. O stress oxidative crônico compromete a integridade do telomere e acelera o início do senescence em pilhas endothelial humanas. Jornal da ciência 117 da pilha:2417-2426 (2004). O stress oxidative devido ao acúmulo de by-products do oxidization foi ligado ao início do senescence da pilha em pilhas alinhando de embarcação de sangue pela integridade disrupting do telomere. Telomeres é "tails" dos chromosomes, o comprimento de que determina o número de divisões que de pilha uma pilha pode se submeter antes de alcançar seu limite. O glutathione, um antioxidant natural poderoso, é crucial na integridade mantendo do telomere.

Borissenko, M. Glutathione: Um anti-oxidant poderoso encontrou no colostrum. NZMP Agosto 2002. o glutathione e seus predecessors químicos estão atuais em quantidades grandes no colostrum. Porque o glutathione não é absorvido diretamente, a produção do glutathione no corpo pode somente ser realizada pelo suplemento com seus antecedentess, cystine, glycine e ácido glutamic, que são abundantes no colostrum.

Buescher, Es, McIlheran, Manutenção programada. Propriedades antioxidant do colostrum humano. Pesquisa Pediatric 24(1):14-19 (1988). O colostrum reduz o ferricytochrome C em leucocytes polymorphonuclear (PMNs) e disrupts também outras atividades metabolic e enzymatic de PMNs que são cruciais no mediation respiratory do estouro de PMN do inflammation agudo, mostrando que o colostrum é um antioxidant poderoso.

Buescher, Es, McIlheran, Manutenção programada. Antioxidants colostral: separação e caracterização de duas atividades no colostrum humano. Jornal do gastroenterology e do nutrition pediatric 14(1):47-56 (1992). O colostrum interfere com a produção de produtos respiratory do estouro de PMN em duas maneiras, em ascorbato e no ácido uric.

Boldogh, I, et al. Modulação de 4HNE-mediated que sinaliza por peptides proline-ricos do colostrum ovine. Jornal do neuroscience molecular 20(2):125-134 (2003). Colostrinin para baixo regula o peroxidation do lipid, inibe o depletion do glutathione e reduz níveis intracellular das espécies reactive do oxigênio (explorador de saída de quadriculação). Esta é uma mais maneira que o colostrum demonstra a atividade antioxidant.

Wakabayashi, H, et al. Inibição do peroxidation do lipid de iron/ascorbate-induced por um peptide do N-terminal do lactoferrin dos Bovídeos e de seus derivatives acylated. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry 63(5):955-957 (1999). O lactoferrin joga também um papel antioxidant importante no colostrum impedindo o peroxidation do lipid.

Satue-Gracia, TA, et al. Lactoferrin em fórmulas infantis: efeito na oxidação. Jornal da agricultura e do chemistry de alimento 48(10):4984-4990 (2000). As fórmulas infantis comercialmente modificadas baseadas no leite da vaca têm significativamente menos lactoferrin do que o leite inteiro, e as fórmulas do soy não contêm nenhuns, mesmo que o lactoferrin aja como uma proteína do transporter do ferro. Adicionar o lactoferrin às fórmulas infantis resulta no benefício duplo do absorption aumentado do ferro e age como um antioxidant e antimicrobial para estender a vida útil das fórmulas.

C.C. de Berk LS, de Nieman, W de Youngberg, et al. (1989) o efeito da resistência longa que funciona em pilhas de assassino naturais nos marathoners. Medicina e ciência nos esportes e no exercício. 22:207-212.

Buckley JD, et al. Efeito de um suplemento oral ao colostrum dos Bovídeos intact em desempenho running.Sumário de: conferência de 1998 australian da ciência e da medicina no esporte, Adelaide, Austrália sul, outubro 1998.

Burke E. (1996) colostrum como um enhancer e uma ajuda atléticos para o AIDS. Notícia Da Ciência Do Nutrition.

Clark J. (1996) usos do phosphate do creatine e do suplemento do creatine para o atleta. Perspective científico e clínico.

Mero A, et al. (1997) efeitos do suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos no serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, e saliva IgA durante o treinamento. Jornal de physiology aplicado. 83:1144-1151.

PB Do Sparling, C.C. De Nieman, O'Connor PJ. (1993) aspectos científicos selecionados de competir do marathon: um update na recolocação fluida, na função imune, em fatores psicológicos e na diferença do gender. Medicina Dos Esportes. 15:116-132.

Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Pa De Verstappen., Esporte Interno Nutr Exerc Metab De J. 2002 Dec;12(4):461-9. Artigos relacionados, o efeito do suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos no desempenho do exercício em jogadores do hockey do campo do elite. Pesquisa De Numico, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 Ph Wageningen, Os Países Baixos.

Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Pa Do Marshall. Med Sci Ostenta Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7):1184-8. Artigos relacionados, ligações, efeitos do dose do colostrum oral dos Bovídeos na capacidade de trabalho física nos cyclists. Escola de estudos humanos do movimento, universidade de Queensland, St Lucia, Austrália.

Mero, A.; Miikkulainen, H,; Riski, J,; Pakknen, R,; Aalto, J,; Takala, T. Efeitos do suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos no serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, e saliva IgA durante o treinamento. Jornal de aplicado, physiology. 83(4):1144-1151, abril 1997.

J Buckley *, M Abbott, S Martin, G Brinkworth & P Whyte, abstrato de: conferência de 1998 australian da ciência e da medicina no esporte, Adelaide, Austrália sul, outubro 1998. Efeito de um suplemento oral ao colostrum dos Bovídeos (TM intato) em desempenho running. Centro para a pesquisa na instrução e na ciência dos esportes, universidade de Austrália sul.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Departamento. do pediatrics, das ciências universidade da saúde de Oregon, do Portland, OU, os mecanismos por que o hormone do crescimento causa o crescimento. As contribuições relativas do hormone do crescimento e insulin-como fatores do crescimento. Norte Am De Endocrinol Metab Clin 1996 Setembro; (3):615-31.

Liu JL, LeRoith D, filial clínica do endocrinology, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-como o fator I do crescimento é essencial para o crescimento post-natal em resposta ao hormone do crescimento. Endocrinology 1999 Novembro; 140(11):5178-84.

Mordomo AA, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas M, Okubo Y, LeRoith D, filial do diabetes, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-como o transduction do sinal do receptor do fator-Eu do crescimento: na relação entre o physiology e a biologia da pilha.Página 3, Mol Do Biol Do Biochem Do Biochem Physiol B Dos Comp(s) 1998 Setembro; 121(1):19-26.

Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Departamento. do pediatrics, das ciências universidade da saúde de Oregon, do Portland, OU, insulin-como superfamília obrigatória da proteína do fator do crescimento (IGFBP). Dec 1999 De Endocr Rev; 20(6):761-87.

Buckley, J., et al. "o suplemento oral com colostrum dos Bovídeos aumenta o desempenho vertical do salto."apresentou-se no ô congress anual da faculdade européia da ciência dos esportes, Roma 14-17 julho, 1999.

Mero, A., et al. "efeitos do suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos no serum IGF-I, IgG, hormone, e saliva IgA durante o treinamento."J Appl Physiol, 1997;83(4):144-1151.

Wu, A.H. & Perryman, M.B. "aplicações clínicas de enzymes e de proteínas do músculo."Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4(6):815-820.

Antonio, J, et al. Os efeitos do suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos na composição do corpo e no desempenho do exercício em homens e em mulheres ativos. Nutrition 17(3):243-247 (2001). Ativamente treinando os atletas masculinos e fêmeas foram dados o suplemento ou o placebo do colostrum por um período de 8 semanas. Os assuntos que recebem o colostrum mas não o placebo mostraram um aumento na massa magra do corpo.

Brinkworth, GD, et al. Efeito do suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos na composição dos membros treinados e untrained da resistência em homens novos saudáveis. Jornal europeu do physiology aplicado 9(11):53-60 (2004). O colostrum dos Bovídeos ou a proteína do whey foram dados aos homens novos que estavam no treinamento ou não no treinamento. Aqueles no grupo do treinamento que recebeu o colostrum mostraram um aumento significativamente mais grande na circunferência superior do braço e na área de seção transversal comparadas àquelas que recebem o whey, quando aqueles que não estavam no treinamento não mostraram nenhuma mudança.

Buckley, JD, et al. Efeito do colostrum dos Bovídeos no desempenho anaerobic do exercício e do plasma insulin-como o fator I do crescimento. Jornal da ciência dos esportes 21(7):577-588 (2003). Os atletas no treinamento foram dados o colostrum ou o placebo dos Bovídeos por 8 semanas. Aqueles que recebem o colostrum mostraram um aumento significativo no poder anaerobic peak sobre o placebo.

Coombes, JS, et al. Dose efeitos do colostrum oral dos Bovídeos na capacidade de trabalho física nos cyclists. Medicina e ciência nos esportes e no exercício 34(7):1184-1188 (2002). Os estudos do dosage feitos em cyclists do treinamento mostraram uma melhoria pequena mas significativa a tempo experimentações em doses de 20 g ou de 60 g/day.

Hofman, Z, et al. O efeito do suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos no desempenho do exercício em jogadores do hockey do campo do elite. Jornal internacional do nutrition dos esportes e do metabolism do exercício 12(4):461-469 (2002). O suplemento do colostrum em jogadores do hockey do campo do elite, macho e fêmea, resultou no desempenho melhorado do Sprint sobre o placebo.

Nieman, C.C., et al. O complemento e o immunoglobulin nivelam nos atletas e em controles sedentary. Jornal internacional da medicina dos esportes 10(2):124-128 (1989). Os níveis do sangue dos complementos C3 e C4 mas não dos immunoglobulins diminuíram durante períodos do descanso, do exercício máximo classificado e da recuperação nos corredores do marathon.

Nieman, C.C., et al. Os efeitos da longo-resistência que funcionam em parâmetros do sistema imune e o lymphocyte funcionam em marathoners experientes. Jornal internacional da medicina dos esportes 10(5):317-323 (1989). Os corredores do marathon experimentam um rompimento da função imune normal após ter funcionado distâncias longas, uma circunstância que retorne aos níveis normais que seguem 21 horas da recuperação.

Berk, LS, et al. O efeito da resistência longa que funciona em pilhas de assassino naturais nos marathoners. Medicina e ciência nos esportes e no exercício 22(2):207-212 (1990). Uma diminuição significativa em populações da pilha de assassino natural foi vista nos corredores do marathon que seguem três horas do exercício máximo com a recuperação cheia de níveis do pre-exercício por 21 horas. Isto correlacionou com os aumentos em níveis do cortisol durante o exercício.

Sparling, PB, et al. Aspectos científicos selecionados de competir do marathon. Um update na recolocação fluida, na função imune, em fatores psicológicos e na diferença do gender. Medicina Dos Esportes 15(2):116-132 (1993). As mudanças negativas ao sistema imune durante o corredor da distância longa aumentam as possibilidades de infecções respiratory superiores nestes atletas por um período que segue o exercício. O nutrition apropriado, descanso e apropriado adequados recupera entre workouts assim como outras medidas podem diminuir o risco.

Burke, ER. Colostrum como um enhancer e uma ajuda atléticos para o AIDS. A Notícia Da Ciência Do Nutrition Pode, 1996. Quando o gut gotejante for do interesse a todos, é particularmente assim para os atletas que necessitam utilizar todos os nutrientes que fazem exame dentro e impedem a infecção quando seus sistemas imunes são danificados depois do exercício. Muitos atletas sofrem o syndrome irritable do bowel em conseqüência da digestão incompleta de suplementos à proteína. O papel do colostrum-derivado insulin-como o crescimento factor-1 (IGF-1), o fator epidermal do crescimento (EGF), o fator platelet-derivado do crescimento (PDGF) e o crescimento de transformação fator-factor-beta (TGF-tGF-ss) em gut gotejante healing são explorados.

Buckley, JD, et al. O suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos durante treinamento running da resistência melhora a recuperação, mas não o desempenho. Jornal da ciência e da medicina no esporte 5(2):65-79 (2002). Quando o suplemento com colostrum dos Bovídeos não aumentar níveis de IGF-1 no sangue ou no desempenho inicial, o desempenho em um segundo círculo do exercício melhora significativamente.

Trafulhas, C, et al. O suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos aumenta níveis do s-IGA nos corredores da distância: um estudo baseado em atletas em treinar para o marathon 2002 de Rotorua. Pesquisa unpublished. Os corredores do marathon no treinamento foram dados o colostrum ou o placebo dos Bovídeos por 12 semanas em um estudo cego dobro. Aqueles no grupo do colostrum mostrado IgA significativamente mais secretory (s-IgA) em seu saliva do que o grupo do placebo ou controles sedentary. O grupo do colostrum relatou também uma taxa significativamente mais baixa das infecções respiratory superiores (URI) durante este período.

Kasemkijwattana, C, et al. Uso de fatores do crescimento melhorar o músculo que healing após ferimento da tensão. Orthopedics Clínico 370:272-285 (2000). Os ferimentos do músculo, tais como tensões, são comuns nos atletas. O uso de fatores do crescimento, tais como IGF-1, em tratar tais ferimentos é explorado.

Molloy, T, et al. Os papéis de fatores do crescimento no tendon e no ligament que healing. Medicina Dos Esportes 33(5):381-394 (2003). Os papéis de cinco fatores diferentes do crescimento, de IGF-1, de TGF-tGF-ss, do fator endothelial vascular do crescimento (VEGF), do fator platelet-derivado do crescimento (PDGF) e do fator básico do crescimento do fibroblast (bFGF), nos ferimentos healing do tendon e do ligament são explorados. Cada um joga um papel diferente mas vital no processo.

Sato, K, et al. Melhoria do músculo que healing com o realce da regeneração do músculo e a prevenção do fibrosis. Músculo & Nervo 28(3):355-372 (2003). IGF-1 pode melhorar a regeneração do músculo no músculo ferido.

Liang, L, et al. [ efeito dos cytokines no reparo de ferimento do tendon ] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi 14(5) (chinês):283-285 (2000). Cytokines, tal como os fatores do crescimento, lata acelera o reparo do tendon.

Mero, A, et al. Respostas de IGF-I, de IgA, e de IgG ao suplemento do colostrum dos Bovídeos durante o treinamento. Jornal do physiology aplicado 93(2):732-739 (2002). O suplemento do colostrum aumenta níveis de IGF-1 e de IgA em atletas do treinamento, mas o IGF-1 no colostrum não é absorvido intact.

Kuipers, H, et al. Os efeitos do suplemento oral do colostrum dos Bovídeos no serum insulin-como o fator-Eu do crescimento nivelam. Nutrition 18(7-8):165-172 (2002). Um estudo para o comitê olympic internacional não mostrou nenhum aumento nos níveis IGF-1 ou IGF-bp3 do sangue após um tempo de 4 semanas.

Zimecki, M, et al. Efeito de um polypeptide proline-rico (PRP) no desenvolvimento do anemia hemolytic e na sobrevivência de ratos do preto de Nova Zelândia (NZB). Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991). Colostrinin (PRP) aumentou a sobrevivência nos ratos suscetíveis ao anemia hemolytic, uma doença autoimmune. Hypothesized o colostrinin induz as pilhas do supressor que retardam o desenvolvimento da doença. Isto sugere que o colostrinin pode ter o valor therapeutic em doenças autoimmune de tratamento.

Mordomo, J. E. Immunoglobulins dos secretions mammary. Capítulo Cinco. em: Lactation: Um Treatise Detalhado. Vol. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson e V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Imprensa Academic. New York. 1974.

Christopher-Hennings-Hennings, J., et al., lmmunocompromise nos porcos gnotobiotic induzidos por escherichia coli verotoxin-produzindo (Olll:Nm). Infect. Immun. 1993. 61: p. 2304-2308.

Doyle, P. S. Os antibodies de Anti-Cryptosporiduim inibem o infectivity em vitro e em 9 vivo. Infecção e immunity 61(10):4079-4084. Outubro. 1993.

Ho, P.C., e Lawton, J.W.M. Pilhas colostral humanas: Phagocytosis e matança de E. Coli e C. Albicans. O jornal do pediatrics. Vol. 93. Não. 6. pp. 910-915.

Kim, K., et al., em vitro e na atividade neutralizando de vivo do colostrum e do leite humanos de encontro aos toxins purified A e B do clostridium difficile. T. Infect. Dis. 1985. 150: p. 57-61.

Majumdar, A. S., et al., propriedades protetoras de antibodies do anti-anti-cholera no colostrum humano. Infect. Immun. 1982. 36:p. 962965.

McClead, R., et al., resistência do toxin IgG do anti-anti-cholera dos Bovídeos em vitro e no proteolysis de vivo. Pedia. Res. 1982.6: p. 227-231.

Morris, J. A., et al., proteção passiva dos cordeiros de encontro aos escherichia coli enteropathogenic: Papel dos antibodies no serum e no colostrum. T. Med. Microbiol.1980. 13: p. 265-271.

Spik, G., et al., bacteriostasis de uma tensão leite-sensível de E. os immunoglobulins de coli e as proteínas ferro-ligando associaram com o colostrum. Immunology. 1981. 35: p. 663-670.

Wada, N., et al., atividade neutralizando de encontro aos toxins difficile do clostridium nos supernatants de pilhas colostral cultivadas. Infect. Immun.. 1980.29: p. 545-550.

Watzl, B., et al., realce da resistência ao parvum de Cryptosporidium pelo colostrum pooled dos Bovídeos durante a infecção retroviral murine. Am. T. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993. 48(4): p. 519-523.

Funatogawa K, Ide T, Kirikae F, Saruta K, Nakano M, Kirikae T. Microbiol Immunol. 2002;46(11):761-6. Os artigos relacionados, ligações, uso do immunoglobulin enriqueceram o colostrum dos Bovídeos de encontro ao desafio oral com escherichia coli enterohaemorrhagic O157:H7 nos ratos. Escritório De Inspeção Direto Do sul Dos Produtos De Carne, Tochigi, Tochigi 328-0033, Japão.

Seifert J, Molkewehrum M, Oesser S, Nebermann L, Schulze C. Eur Surg Res. 2002 Janeiro-Apr;34(1-2):68-72. Artigos relacionados, ligações, inactivation do endotoxin por colostrum enterally aplicado da composição diferente. Pesquisa cirúrgica, departamento da cirurgia e cirurgia thoracic, Kiel, Germany.

Bolke E, Jehle Pm, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., choque. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12. Aplicação oral relacionada dos artigos, das ligações, do Preoperative do leite immunoglobulin-enriquecido do colostrum e resposta do mediator durante a cirurgia abdominal. Departamento da cirurgia, universidade de Ulm, Germany.

Em De Lilius, Marnila P. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2001 Jun;14(3):295-300. Artigos relacionados, ligações, o papel de antibodies colostral na prevenção de infecções microbial. Departamento do biochemistry e chemistry de alimento, universidade de Turku, Turku, Finland.

Graczyk Tk, SR. De Cranfield, Bostwick EF., J Parasitol. 2000 Jun;86(3):631-2. Artigos relacionados, ligações, tratamento bem sucedido do colostrum dos Bovídeos do hyperimmune dos monitores do savanna (exanthematicus de Varanus) infected com sp de Cryptosporidium. Departamento do microbiology e do immunology molecular, escola da higiene e saúde pública, universidade de Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, EUA.

Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, AO De Busch, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4):452-6. Os artigos relacionados, ligações, colostrum dos Bovídeos melhoram o diarrhea na infecção com escherichia coli diarrheagenic, shiga E toxin-producing. Coli, e E. coli que expressa o intimin e o hemolysin. Hospital das crianças, a universidade de Wurzburg, Germany.

Bitzan, M.M.; Ouro, B.D.; Philpott, D.J.; Huesca, M.; Sherman, P.M.; Karch, H.; Lissner, R.; Lingwood, C.A.; Karmali, M.A.; Inibição dos pylori de Helicobacter e dos mustelae de Helicobactor que ligam aos receptors do lipid pelo colostrum dos Bovídeos. O jornal de doenças infectious. 177:955-961, abril 1998.

TH De Casswall, Sarker Sa, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12(6):563-8. Artigos relacionados, ligações, tratamento da infecção dos pylori de Helicobacter nos infantes em Bangladesh rural com os immunoglobulins orais do colostrum dos Bovídeos do hyperimmune. Departamento de ciências clínicas, hospital de Huddinge, instituto de Karolinska, Sweden.

Bitzan Milímetro, Ouro BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman Pm, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood Ca, Karmali Miliampère. J Infect Dis. 1998 Apr;177(4):955-61. Artigos relacionados, ligações, inibição dos pylori de Helicobacter e dos mustelae de Helicobacter que ligam aos receptors do lipid pelo colostrum dos Bovídeos. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):276-83. Related Articles, Links, Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Flanigan T, Marshall R, Redman D, Kaetzel C, Ungar B. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):225S-227S. Related Articles, Links, In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Mukoyama A. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;65(1):54-60. Related Articles, Links,[Bacteriostatic activity of bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health.

Stephan W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 Jan;28(1):19-23. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Biotest Pharma GmbH, Forschungsabteilung, Frankfurt.

Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3. Related Articles, Links, Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Opdebeeck JP, Norcross NL. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Jul;46(7):1561-4. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus.

McClead RE, Gregory SA. Infect Immun. 1984 May;44(2):474-8. Related Articles, Links, Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis.

McClead RE, Butler T, Rabbani GH. (1988) Orally Administered Bovine Colostral Anti-Cholera Toxin Antibodies: Results of Two Clinical Trials. The American Journal of Medicine. 85:811-816

Michalek SM, McGhee JR. (1977) Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to streptococcus mutans elicits protection. Infection and Immunity. 17:644-650.

Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.

Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Bovine colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens.

Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens.

Korhonen, H. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78:655-662 (1995). The antibody-complement system found in bovine colostrum was also found to be bactericidal against H. pylori.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78(6):655-662 (1995). Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers in humans. Serum and colostrum from non-immunized Friesian cows were found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori. Post-colostral milk did not show any bactericidal effect against H. pylori.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998). H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.

Wada, T, et al. The therapeutic effect of bovine lactoferrin in the host infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 34(3):238-243 (1999). Mice infected with H. pylori were given a daily dose of bovine lactoferrin for 2-4 weeks. Their intestines were then examined for bacterial content. Numbers of H. pylori were reduced to 10% of pre-lactoferrin levels and greatly decreased the numbers of H. pylori bound to the intestinal wall. Serum antibody titer to H. pylori were reduced to practically zero, indicating that the immune response of the host was no longer recognizing H. pylori infection. Therefore it was deduced that lactoferrin has a direct antibacterial effect on H. pylori infection and prevents binding of the pathogen to the intestinal lining.

Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002). Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.

Lilius, EM, Marnila, P. The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14(3): 295-300 (2001) . Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer's patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother's colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Masson, PL, et al. An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clinica Chemica Acta 14:735 (1966). Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of siderophilic (iron-loving) bacteria and Candida albicans.

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Shahani, K. et al, Antitumor activity of fermented colostrum and milk 01-May-83 - Investigated the effect of feeding fresh colostrum and colostrum cultured with either L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus or yoghurt starter on the proliferation of ascites tumor cells.

Parodi, PW. Cows' milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. Journal of Nutrition 127(6):1055-1060 (1997). Including dairy products in the diet has been shown to lessen the chance of developing cancer. One of the ways dairy products accomplish this is through the anticarcinogenic properties of several milk fats, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), sphingomyelin, butyric acid and ether lipids. Cows also have the ability to absorb anticarcinogenic compounds, such as beta-carotene, beta-ionone and gossypol, from their feed and include them in their milk.

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Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine colostrinine (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor product by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis (Warsaw) 45(1):43-47 (1997). Colostrinin stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interferon-beta (INF-ß), both important cytokines in the inflammatory response.

Bocci, V, et al. What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biologic Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents 5(4):121-124 (1991). The cytokines present in colostrum, such as TNF-a, interferon-?, IL-1 and IL-6, have an immunostimulatory effect. This could be significant for aged people or others with immunodeficiency.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

Bogdan, C, Nathan, C. Modulation of macrophage function by transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 685:713-739 (1993). Certain cytokines found in colostrum, TGF-ß, IL-4 and IL-10, have a modulatory effect on macrophages, either stimulating or deactivating them as conditions dictate.

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Solomons NW. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S24-8. Related Articles, Links, Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala.

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Solomons, N.W. "Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates." Eur J Clin, Nutr, 2002;56 Suppl 3:S24-28.

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Sabin, AB. Anti-poliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children 80:866-870 (1950). Seminal study by Dr. Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine, in which he discovered antibodies against the polio virus in colostrum.

Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in colostrum, including anti-polio antibody.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via colostrum.

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 -915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001) Interleukin-1ß in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

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Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

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Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Bühler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Unpublished research (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Rooney, PJ, et al. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 8:75-83 (1990). The connection between increased permeability of the intestines and inflammatory arthritis is examined. The gut is the likely source of the antigens which cause inflammatory arthritis.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere's Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

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Masaaki I, and et al. (1999) Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 17:35-40.

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Saito H, Miyakawa H, Tamura Y, Shimamura S, Tomita M. (1991) Potent bactericidal activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate produced by heat treatment at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3724-3730.

Shin K, Yamauchi K, Teraguchi S, et al. (1998) Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin and its peptides against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 26:407-411.

Thaler C, Labarrer C, Hunt J, McIntyre J, Faulk P. (1999) Unique epitopes of lactoferrin expressed in human cytotrophoblasts involved in immunologic reactions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):460-7.

Viani RM, Gutteberg TJ, Lathey JL, Spector SA. (1999) Lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro and exhibits synergy when combined with zidovudine. AIDS. 13:1273-4.

Vorland L, Ulvatne H, Andersen J, et al. (1999) Antibacterial effects of lactoferricin B. Scandinavian Journal of Infected Disease. 31:179-184.

Zagulski T, Jarzabek Z, Zagulska A, Zimecki M. (1998) The main systemic, highly effective mechanisms generated by lactoferrin in mammals in vitro. Advances in Lactoferrin Research. 443:247-50.

Yamauchi K, Tomita M, Giehl TJ, Ellison RT. Antibacterial activity of lactoferrin and a pepsin-derived lactoferrin peptide fragment. Infection and Immunity. 61:719-728, 1993.

Bellamy, W., et al. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 73:472-479, 1992.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.

van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.

Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.

Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).

Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.

Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000). Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.

Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000). The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.

Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999). Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.

Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999). Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.

Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutrition and Cancer 38(2):192-199 (2000). A similar study on the protective effects of lactoferrin supplementation on protecting from lung metastasis in experimentally induced colon cancer. In addition to the increase in cytotoxic cells seen in other studies, there was also an increase in IL-18 production in the intestinal epithelium, suggesting it plays a role in mediating the inhibition of the cancers.

Tsuda, H, et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin. Mutation Research 462(2-3):227-233 (2000). In addition to the protection provided by lactoferrin against the development of cancers, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) also plays an inhibitory role on cancer development.

Tsuda, H, et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms--a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):131-136 (2002). Lactoferrin supplementation in experimental animal models of colon cancer show that it also suppresses phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A2, by cancer cells, while enhancing the activity of phase II enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase, both of which act to inhibit the development of these cancers. Lactoferrin also boosts local and systemic immunity, particularly the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in the intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood, which in turn stimulates the production of IL-18 and caspase-1 in intestinal epithelial cells and possibly the appearance of interferon-gamma (INF-?) positive cells. Bovine lactoferrin was also found to have anti-hepatitis C activity. Chronic hepatitis due to infection with hepatitis C virus is a major causative factor in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Fujita, K, et al. Down-regulation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx)-induced CYP1A2 expression is associated with bovine lactoferrin inhibition of MeIQx-induced liver and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 93(6):616-625 (2002). The mechanism of action of bovine lactoferrin on down regulating the expression of carcinogenic agents is explored.

Iigo, M, et al. Orally administered bovine lactoferrin induces caspase-1 and interleukin-18 in the mouse intestinal mucosa: a possible explanation for inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Cytokine