Los siguientes son referencias a los papeles referentes a la eficacia del colostro *:

LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. - M, et al. (1996) comparación de los títulos de IgE a las inmunoglobulinas colostral de G de los bóvidos y de los fragmentos F(ab')2 en sueros de los pacientes alérgicos a la leche. Alergia Interna Immunol Del Arco. 110:156-162.

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) IgA colostral bajo se asoció a la alergia de la leche de la vaca. Exploración De Pediatr Del Acta. 80:1207-1213.

Selo I, G clemente, Bernard H, et al. (1999) alergia a la B-lactoglobulina de los bóvidos: especificidad de IgE humano a los peptides tryptic. Alergia clínica y experimental. 29:1055-1063.

Delespesse, G. Factores del polipéptido del colostro. Patente #5,371,073 (1994) de los E.E.U.U.. Los factores obligatorios de IgE (la inmunoglobulina implicada en respuesta alérgica) (IgE-bf) y actividad del supresor de IgE (IgE-SF) obtenida del colostro se han utilizado con éxito para tratar alergias.

Collins, et al. La leche de bóvidos, incluyendo la leche pasterizada, contiene los anticuerpos dirigidos contra los alergénicos de la importancia clínica al hombre. Archivos internacionales de la alergia y de la inmunología aplicada 96:362-367 (1991). La presencia de anticuerpos contra muchas de las alergias más comunes del hombre, incluyendo el polen del ryegrass, ácaros del polvo de la casa, molde del aspergillus y el gluten del trigo, fue detectada en colostro de los bóvidos.

Elrod, kc, et al. Lactoferrin, un inhibidor potente del tryptase, respuestas suprimidas de la vía aérea de la tarde-fase en ovejas alérgicas. Diario americano de la medicina crítica respiratoria 156 del cuidado:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, una enzima digestiva, ha estado implicado en varios aspectos del asma, incluyendo el bronchoconstriction y la hiperreactividad de la vía aérea. El lactoferrin se ha demostrado para inhibir actividad del tryptase, así relevando los síntomas de asma.

Goldman, AS, et al. Características antiinflamatorias de la leche humana. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). Los componentes antiinflamatorios principales encontraron en leche humana (y colostro de los bóvidos) incluyen los anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgA secretor, y un número de antioxidantes, incluyendo el cysteine, el ascorbate, el alfa-alpha-tocopherol y el betacaroteno.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, Es. El colostro humano tiene actividad antiinflamatoria en un modelo subcutáneo de la bolsa del aire de la rata de la inflamación. Investigación Pediátrica 34(2):208-212 (1993). En las bolsas subcutáneas modelo de un aire del animal de experimento que usaban en ratas, el colostro demostró actividad antiinflamatoria significativa.

Buescher, Es, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Los receptores solubles de la factor-alfa de la necrosis del tumor (TNF-alfa) en colostro y leche humanos atan a la TNF-alfa y neutralizan bioactividad de la TNF-alfa. Investigación Pediátrica 44(1):37-42 (1998). La capacidad del colostro de modular la respuesta inflamatoria es única. Una de las maneras de las cuales hace esto está a través de las proteínas del receptor de TNF-a, que se encuentran en colostro. Éstos atan a TNF-a, que hace inactivo el TNF-a. TNF-a es el activador de la cascada inflamatoria entera, así que controlando su actividad, el colostro controla el grado de la respuesta inflamatoria y puede cerrarla apagado en conjunto.

los "estudios clínicos demuestran que IgE encontró en colostro de los bóvidos, pueden ser responsables de regular respuesta alérgica," según la DRS. Tortora, Funke y molde en microbiología.

Arco Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999;47(6):377-85.

Amaducci L. (1988) phosphatidylserine en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer: resultados de un estudio del multicentro. Boletín Del Psychopharmacology. 24(1):130-4.

Leszek J, ANUNCIO De Inglot, Janusz M, Lisowski J, Krukowska K, Georgiades JA. (1999) Colostrinin: un complejo Proline-Rico del polipéptido (PRP) aislado del colostro ovino para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Un Doble - Estudio Placebo-Controlado Oculto. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 47(6):377-85.

Leszek, J, et al. Complejo proline-rico del colostro ovino - un estudio a largo plazo del polipéptido de Colostrinin® de su eficacia en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Monitor Médico De la Ciencia 8(10):P193-P196 (2002). En un estudio, un colostrinin mejora producida o una estabilización de más largo plazo en los pacientes implicados en el estudio.

Amaducci, L, et al. Uso del phosphatidylserine en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Los anales de la academia de Nueva York de la ciencia 640:245-249 (1991). La suplementación con el phosphatidylserine, uno de los phospholipids encontró en Bio-li'pido, también produce una mejora en síntomas en Alzheimer.

Ladrón, TH, et al. Efectos del phosphatidylserine en la debilitación edad-asociada de la memoria. Neurología 41(5):644-649 (1991). Los pacientes con la debilitación edad-asociada de la memoria demostraron la mejora significativa en pruebas del funcionamiento de la memoria con la suplementación del phosphatidylserine sobre un período de 12 semanas.

Ladrón, T, et al. Efectos del phosphatidylserine en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Boletín Del Psychopharmacology 28(1):61-66 (1992). Otro estudio que demostró una mejora en síntomas de Alzheimer con la suplementación del phosphatidylserine sobre 12 semanas. Cuanto menos es la debilitación, cuanto mayor es la mejora, sugiriendo que cuanto anterior la suplementación del phosphatidylserine se comienza en el curso de la enfermedad, mejores los resultados sean.

Cruz, CE, et al. Radicales del oxígeno y enfermedad humana. Los anales de la medicina interna 107(4):526-545 (1987). Los radicales libres del oxígeno, los subproductos del metabolismo normal, han estado implicados en los procesos de la enfermedad que se extendían de carcinogénesis al envejecimiento, acentuando la importancia de antioxidantes en combatir estas condiciones.

Ames, BN, et al. Oxidantes, antioxidantes, y las enfermedades degenerativas del envejecimiento. Procedimientos de la National Academy of Sciences los E.E.U.U. 90(17):7915-7922 (1993). Los subproductos del oxidante del metabolismo causan daño significativo a la DNA, a las proteínas y a los lípidos. Esta daños da lugar al envejecimiento y a las enfermedades degenerativas asociadas al envejecimiento, tal como cáncer, a la enfermedad cardiovascular, a la declinación del sistema inmune, a la disfunción del cerebro y a cataratas. Las defensas antioxidantes contra estas enfermedades declinan con la edad, haciendo necesario la suplementación de antioxidantes en la dieta.

Ballard et. al. "efectos de agentes anabólicos en la interrupción de la proteína."Bioquímica J, 1983;210:243-249:

Gil, A. Y Sanchez-Medina, F. "nucleotides solubles ácidos de la leche de la vaca, de la cabra y de la oveja en diversas etapas de la lactancia."diario de la investigación de la lechería, 1981;48:35-44.

Ullman, et al. "efectos de la hormona del crecimiento en la regeneración del músculo y la concentración IgF-1 en viejas ratas."Acta Physiol Scand, 1990;140:521-525.

Xian, C.J., et al. la "degradación de IGF-1 en el aparato gastrointestinal de la rata del adulto es limitada por un antisuero específico o la caseína dietética de la proteína."diario de la endocrinología, 1995;146:215-225.

Holbrook, N.J. Y Ikeyama, S. "declinación relativa a la edad en respuesta celular a la tensión oxidative: acoplamientos al factor del crecimiento que señala caminos con defectos comunes."Bioquímica Pharmacol, 2002;64(5-6):999-1005.

Playford, R.J., et al. la "Co-administracio'n del suplemento de alimento natural, colostro de los bóvidos, reduce el aumento droga-inducido antiinflamatorio nonsteroidal agudo en permeabilidad intestinal."Clin Sci (Lond), 2001;100(6):627-633.

Instituto de la química y de la bioquímica, str de Hellbrunner. 34. 5020 Salzburg, Austria. Univ.- profesor. Dr. Albert Duschl.

Elrod, kc, et al. Lactoferrin, un inhibidor potente del tryptase, respuestas suprimidas de la vía aérea de la tarde-fase en ovejas alérgicas. Diario americano de la medicina crítica respiratoria 156 del cuidado:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, una enzima digestiva, ha estado implicado en varios aspectos del asma, incluyendo el bronchoconstriction y la hiperreactividad de la vía aérea. El lactoferrin se ha demostrado para inhibir actividad del tryptase, así relevando los síntomas de asma.

las "glicoproteínas en colostro de los bóvidos inhiben el accesorio de las bacterias de los píloros de Helicobacter que causan úlceras del estómago. El colostro contiene cantidades significativas de interleukin-10, un agente inhibitorio de la inflamación fuerte encontró significativo en la reducción de la inflamación en empalmes artríticos y las áreas de lesión, "escribieron el dr. Olle Hernell, de la universidad de Ulmea, Suecia, en compartimiento de la ciencia.

Antimicrobiano (Moldoveanu, Zina, et al, "características anti-bacterianas de la leche; Anales de las interacciones del Peroxidase-peroxidase-Lactoferrin de IgA _ los "de N.Y. Academia de ciencia, (1983) vol.. 409. 848-850.

Kim, K. et al, "actividad que neutraliza in vitro e in vivo del colostro y de la leche humanos contra las toxinas purificadas A y B diario de Difficle del clostridium" de Diseases infecciosa (1984) vol.. 150 (1) 57-61.

Wada, N., et al, "actividad que neutraliza contra las toxinas de Difficile del clostridium en el supernatant de las células colostral cultivadas" Infectioius Immunology (an o 80) vol.. 29. 545-550).

McConnell, M.A.; Arroyos, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M.B.; Buchan, G. Un estudio comparativo de la inmunoglobulina se siente y actividad antiinflamatoria en cuatro productos lácteos. Diario de la ciencia de la lechería. Publicación próxima.

Borody, TJ, et al. Visión del túnel en el intestino. Centro para las enfermedades digestivas (2001). Revisión del síndrome irritable del intestino, incluyendo colitis ulcerative y la enfermedad de Crohn, y su etiología, incluyendo agentes contagiosos tales como Shigella y campylobacter. Las infecciones de la tripa son difíciles de tratar porque no hay terapia antimicrobiana disponible que es eficaz contra las esporas de los clostridia. Solamente el colostro de los bóvidos ha probado eficacia clínica en la supresión de patógeno intestinales, tales como rotavirus, y puede ayudar a controlar las infecciones vistas en trastornos crónicos tales como síndrome irritable del intestino debido al número de componentes biológico activos en colostro. Los factores del crecimiento en ayuda del colostro curan erosiones y ulceraciones intestinales. También contiene factores antiinflamatorios y es ricos nutrientes. El colostro se puede utilizar solamente o conjuntamente con otras sustancias antiinflamatorias e inmunes. La investigación futura debe centrarse en identificar estrategias, sistemas de la entrega de la novela y la identificación inmunes de los bioactives en colostro.

Playford, RJ, et al. El colostro de los bóvidos es un suplemento de alimento natural que previene daño inducido NSAID de la tripa. Tripa 44:653-658 (1999). Aunque las drogas antiinflamatorias no-non-steroidal (NSAIDs) son muy eficaces en controlar dolor común en artritis, su uso también causa daño significativo, y a veces fatal, gastrointestinal. La suplementación con colostro, sin embargo, redujo y curó perceptiblemente lesión causada por NSAIDs.

Playford, RJ, et al. la Co-administracio'n del suplemento de alimento natural, colostro de los bóvidos, reduce el aumento droga-inducido antiinflamatorio no-non-steroidal agudo en permeabilidad intestinal. Ciencia Clínica 100:627-633 (2001). Otro estudio de Dr. Playford en la capacidad del colostro de prevenir el daño debido al uso de NSAID. Este estudio demostró que el colostro también previene un aumento en la permeabilidad gastrointestinal debido al uso de NSAID, mientras que el uso de NSAID solamente sin colostro causa un aumento en permeabilidad.

Goldman, AS, et al. Características antiinflamatorias de la leche humana. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). Los componentes antiinflamatorios principales encontraron en leche humana (y colostro de los bóvidos) incluyen los anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgA secretor, y un número de antioxidantes, incluyendo el cysteine, el ascorbate, el alfa-alpha-tocopherol y el betacaroteno.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, Es. El colostro humano tiene actividad antiinflamatoria en un modelo subcutáneo de la bolsa del aire de la rata de la inflamación. Investigación Pediátrica 34(2):208-212 (1993). En las bolsas subcutáneas modelo de un aire del animal de experimento que usaban en ratas, el colostro demostró actividad antiinflamatoria significativa.

Buescher, Es, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Los receptores solubles de la factor-alfa de la necrosis del tumor (TNF-alfa) en colostro y leche humanos atan a la TNF-alfa y neutralizan bioactividad de la TNF-alfa. Investigación Pediátrica 44(1):37-42 (1998). La capacidad del colostro de modular la respuesta inflamatoria es única. Una de las maneras de las cuales hace esto está a través de las proteínas del receptor de TNF-a, que se encuentran en colostro. Éstos atan a TNF-a, que hace inactivo el TNF-a. TNF-a es el activador de la cascada inflamatoria entera, así que controlando su actividad, el colostro controla el grado de la respuesta inflamatoria y puede cerrarla apagado en conjunto.

Britigan, SEA, et al. El papel del lactoferrin como molécula antiinflamatoria. Avances en la medicina y la biología experimentales 357:143-156 (1994). Mientras que el papel del lactoferrin en el abastecimiento de inmunidad no específica se documenta bien, también desempeña un papel en la respuesta antiinflamatoria con su efecto antioxidante.

Conneely, OM. Actividades antiinflamatorias del lactoferrin. Diario de la universidad americana de la nutrición 20(Suppl. 5):389S-395S (2001). El lactoferrin inhibe la producción inflamatoria cutánea del cytokine y actúa como proteína antiinflamatoria potente en los sitios locales de la inflamación, incluyendo los aparatos respiratorios y gastrointestinales.

Shigenaga, MK, et al. Daños oxidative y decaimiento mitochondrial en el envejecimiento. Procedimientos de la National Academy of Sciences los E.E.U.U. 91(23):10771-10778 (1994). La fuente principal del daño oxidative es oxidantes generados por los mitochondria en las células del cuerpo. La función mitochondrial declina con edad, incluyendo la fluidez disminuida de la membrana, salida del protón a través de la membrana mitochondrial interna, y disminuye niveles del cardiolipin, un lípido importante que apoye el funcionamiento de proteínas en la membrana mitochondrial interna.

Kurz, DJ, et al. La tensión oxidative crónica compromete integridad del telomere y acelera el inicio de la senectud en células endothelial humanas. Diario de la ciencia 117 de la célula:2417-2426 (2004). La tensión oxidative debido a la acumulación de los subproductos de la oxidación ha sido ligada al inicio de la senectud de la célula en células que alineaban del vaso sanguíneo por integridad de interrupción del telomere. Telomeres es "ata" de los cromosomas, la longitud de los cuales determina el número de las divisiones de célula que una célula puede experimentar antes de alcanzar su límite. El glutathione, un antioxidante natural de gran alcance, es crucial en integridad del telomere que mantiene.

Borissenko, M. Glutathione: Un antioxidante de gran alcance encontrado en colostro. NZMP Agosto De 2002. El glutathione y sus precursores químicos están presentes en cantidades grandes en colostro. Pues el glutathione no se absorbe directamente, la producción del glutathione en el cuerpo se puede lograr solamente por la suplementación con sus antecedentes, cystine, glycine y ácido glutamic, que son abundantes en colostro.

Buescher, Es, McIlheran, SM. Características antioxidantes del colostro humano. Investigación Pediátrica 24(1):14-19 (1988). El colostro reduce el ferricytochrome C en los leucocitos polymorphonuclear (PMNs) y también interrumpe otras actividades metabólicas y enzimáticas de PMNs que sean cruciales en la mediación respiratoria de la explosión de PMN de la inflamación aguda, demostrando que el colostro es un antioxidante de gran alcance.

Buescher, Es, McIlheran, SM. Antioxidantes colostral: separación y caracterización de dos actividades en colostro humano. Diario de la gastroenterología y de la nutrición pediátricas 14(1):47-56 (1992). El colostro interfiere con la producción de los productos respiratorios de la explosión de PMN en dos maneras, ascorbate y ácido úrico.

Boldogh, I, et al. Modulación de 4HNE-mediated que señala por los peptides proline-ricos del colostro ovino. Diario de la neurología molecular 20(2):125-134 (2003). Colostrinin abajo regula el peroxidation del lípido, inhibe el agotamiento del glutathione y reduce los niveles intracelulares de las especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS). Ésta es una más manera que el colostro demuestra actividad antioxidante.

Wakabayashi, H, et al. Inhibición del peroxidation del lípido de iron/ascorbate-induced por un peptide del N-terminal del lactoferrin de los bóvidos y de sus derivados acylated. Bioscience, Biotecnología, Bioquímica 63(5):955-957 (1999). El lactoferrin también desempeña un papel antioxidante importante en colostro previniendo el peroxidation del lípido.

Satue-Gracia, TA, et al. Lactoferrin en fórmulas infantiles: efecto sobre la oxidación. Diario de la agricultura y de la química alimenticia 48(10):4984-4990 (2000). Los fórmulas infantiles comercialmente modificados basados en la leche de la vaca tienen perceptiblemente menos lactoferrin que la leche entera, y los fórmulas de la soja no contienen ninguno, aunque el lactoferrin actúa como proteína del transportador del hierro. La adición del lactoferrin a los fórmulas infantiles da lugar a la ventaja dual de la absorción creciente del hierro y actúa como antioxidante y antimicrobiano para ampliar la vida útil de los fórmulas.

C.C. de Berk LS, de Nieman, W de Youngberg, et al. (1989) el efecto de la resistencia larga que funciona en las células de asesino naturales en marathoners. Medicina y ciencia en deportes y ejercicio. 22:207-212.

Buckley JD, et al. Efecto de un suplemento oral del colostro de los bóvidos intacto en funcionamiento corriente.Extracto de: conferencia de 1998 australianos de la ciencia y de la medicina en deporte, Adelaide, Australia del sur, octubre de 1998.

Burke E. (1996) colostro como un reforzador y ayuda atléticos para el SIDA. Noticias De la Ciencia De la Nutrición.

Clark J. (1996) aplicaciones del fosfato de la creatina y de la suplementación de la creatina para el atleta. Perspectiva científica y clínica.

Mero A, et al. (1997) efectos de la suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos en el suero IGF-1, IgG, hormona, y saliva IgA durante el entrenamiento. Diario de la fisiología aplicada. 83:1144-1151.

PB Del Sparling, C.C. De Nieman, O'Connor PJ. (1993) aspectos científicos seleccionados de competir con del maratón: una actualización en el reemplazo flúido, la función inmune, factores psicologicos y la diferencia del género. Medicina De los Deportes. 15:116-132.

Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, PA De Verstappen., Deporte Interno Nutr Exerc Metab De J. 2002 Dec;12(4):461-9. Artículos relacionados, el efecto de la suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos en funcionamiento del ejercicio en jugadores del hockey del campo de la élite. Investigación De Numico, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, Los Países Bajos.

Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, PA Del Ordenar. Med Sci Se divierte Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7):1184-8. Artículos relacionados, acoplamientos, efectos de la dosis del colostro oral de los bóvidos en capacidad de trabajo física en cyclists. Escuela de los estudios humanos del movimiento, universidad de Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.

Mero, A.; Miikkulainen, H,; Riski, J,; Pakknen, R,; Aalto, J,; Takala, T. Efectos de la suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos en el suero IGF-1, IgG, hormona, y saliva IgA durante el entrenamiento. Diario de aplicado, fisiología. 83(4):1144-1151, abril de 1997.

J Buckley *, M Abbott, S Martin, G Brinkworth y P Whyte, abstracto de: conferencia de 1998 australianos de la ciencia y de la medicina en deporte, Adelaide, Australia del sur, octubre de 1998. Efecto de un suplemento oral del colostro de los bóvidos (TM intacto) en funcionamiento corriente. Centro para la investigación en la educación y la ciencia de los deportes, universidad de Australia del sur.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Departamento. de la pediatría, de las ciencias universidad de la salud de Oregon, de Portland, O, los mecanismos por los cuales la hormona del crecimiento causa crecimiento. Las contribuciones relativas de la hormona del crecimiento e insulina-como factores del crecimiento. Norte 1996 De Endocrinol Metab Clin Sept; (3):615-31.

Liu JL, LeRoith D, rama clínico de la endocrinología, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulina-como el factor I del crecimiento es esencial para el crecimiento postnatal en respuesta a la hormona del crecimiento. Endocrinología 1999 Nov; 140(11):5178-84.

Mayordomo AA, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas M, Okubo Y, LeRoith D, rama de la diabetes, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulina-como el transduction de la señal del receptor del factor-Yo del crecimiento: en el interfaz entre la fisiología y la biología de la célula.Página 3, De los Comp De la Bioquímica Physiol B De Biol 1998 De la Bioquímica Mol Sept; 121(1):19-26.

Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Departamento. de la pediatría, de las ciencias universidad de la salud de Oregon, de Portland, O, insulina-como superfamilia obligatoria de la proteína del factor del crecimiento (IGFBP). DEC 1999 De la Revolución De Endocr; 20(6):761-87.

Buckley, J., et al. la "suplementación oral con colostro de los bóvidos aumenta funcionamiento vertical del salto."presentó en el 4to congreso anual de la universidad europea de la ciencia de los deportes, Roma 14-17 julio de 1999.

Mero, A., et al. "efectos de la suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos en el suero IGF-I, IgG, hormona, y saliva IgA durante el entrenamiento."J Appl Physiol, 1997;83(4):144-1151.

Wu, A.H. Y Perryman, M.B. "usos clínicos de las enzimas y de las proteínas del músculo."Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4(6):815-820.

Antonio, J, et al. Los efectos de la suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos en la composición del cuerpo y el funcionamiento del ejercicio en hombres y mujeres activos. Nutrición 17(3):243-247 (2001). Activamente entrenando dieron los atletas masculinos y femeninos la suplementación o el placebo del colostro por un período de 8 semanas. Los temas que recibían el colostro pero no el placebo demostraron un aumento en masa magra del cuerpo.

Brinkworth, GD, et al. Efecto de la suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos en la composición de los miembros entrenados e inexperimentados de la resistencia en hombres jóvenes sanos. Diario europeo de la fisiología aplicada 9(11):53-60 (2004). El colostro de los bóvidos o la proteína del suero fue dado a los hombres jóvenes que estaban en el entrenamiento o no en el entrenamiento. Ésos en el grupo del entrenamiento que recibió el colostro demostraron un aumento perceptiblemente mayor en circunferencia superior del brazo y el área seccionada transversalmente comparadas a ésas que recibían el suero, mientras que los que no estaban en el entrenamiento no demostraron ningún cambio.

Buckley, JD, et al. Efecto del colostro de los bóvidos en funcionamiento anaerobio del ejercicio y del plasma insulina-como el factor I del crecimiento. Diario de la ciencia de los deportes 21(7):577-588 (2003). Dieron los atletas en el entrenamiento el colostro o el placebo de los bóvidos por 8 semanas. Ésos que recibían el colostro demostraron un aumento significativo en energía anaerobia máxima sobre placebo.

Coombes, JS, et al. Dosifique los efectos del colostro oral de los bóvidos en capacidad de trabajo física en cyclists. Medicina y ciencia en los deportes y el ejercicio 34(7):1184-1188 (2002). Los estudios de la dosificación hechos en cyclists del entrenamiento demostraron una mejora pequeña pero significativa en ensayos del tiempo en las dosis de 20 g o de 60 g/day.

Hofman, Z, et al. El efecto de la suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos en funcionamiento del ejercicio en jugadores del hockey del campo de la élite. Diario internacional de la nutrición de los deportes y del metabolismo del ejercicio 12(4):461-469 (2002). La suplementación del colostro en jugadores del hockey del campo de la élite, varón y hembra, dio lugar a funcionamiento mejorado del Sprint sobre placebo.

Nieman, C.C., et al. El complemento y la inmunoglobulina nivela en atletas y controles sedentarios. Diario internacional de la medicina de los deportes 10(2):124-128 (1989). Los niveles de la sangre de los complementos C3 y C4 pero no de las inmunoglobulinas disminuyeron durante períodos del resto, del ejercicio máximo calificado y de la recuperación en corredores del maratón.

Nieman, C.C., et al. Los efectos de la largo-resistencia que funcionan en parámetros del sistema inmune y el linfocito funcionan en marathoners experimentados. Diario internacional de la medicina de los deportes 10(5):317-323 (1989). Los corredores del maratón experimentan una interrupción de la función inmune normal después de funcionar las largas distancias, una condición que vuelva a los niveles normales que siguen 21 horas de la recuperación.

Berk, LS, et al. El efecto de la resistencia larga que funciona en las células de asesino naturales en marathoners. Medicina y ciencia en los deportes y el ejercicio 22(2):207-212 (1990). Una disminución significativa de poblaciones de la célula de asesino natural fue considerada de los corredores del maratón que seguían tres horas del ejercicio máximo con la recuperación completa de los niveles del pre-ejercicio por 21 horas. Esto correlacionó con aumentos en niveles del cortisol durante ejercicio.

Sparling, PB, et al. Aspectos científicos seleccionados de competir con del maratón. Una actualización en el reemplazo flúido, la función inmune, factores psicologicos y la diferencia del género. Medicina De los Deportes 15(2):116-132 (1993). Los cambios negativos al sistema inmune durante el funcionamiento de la larga distancia aumentan las ocasiones de infecciones respiratorias superiores en estos atletas por un período que sigue ejercicio. La nutrición apropiada, resto y apropiado adecuados se recupera entre los entrenamientos tan bien como otras medidas pueden disminuir el riesgo.

Burke, ER. Colostro como un reforzador y ayuda atléticos para el SIDA. Las Noticias De la Ciencia De la Nutrición Pueden, 1996. Mientras que la tripa agujereada está de preocupación a cada uno, está particularmente tan para los atletas que necesitan utilizar todos los alimentos que toman adentro y previenen la infección cuando sus sistemas inmunes se deterioran después de ejercicio. Muchos atletas sufren síndrome irritable del intestino como resultado de la digestión incompleta de los suplementos de la proteína. El papel de colostro-derivado insulina-como el crecimiento factor-1 (IGF-1), el factor epidérmico del crecimiento (EGF), el factor plaqueta-derivado del crecimiento (PDGF) y el crecimiento que transforma factor-beta (los TGF-tGF-ss) en tripa agujereada curativa se exploran.

Buckley, JD, et al. La suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos durante el entrenamiento corriente de la resistencia mejora la recuperación, pero no el funcionamiento. Diario de la ciencia y de la medicina en el deporte 5(2):65-79 (2002). Mientras que la suplementación con colostro de los bóvidos no aumenta niveles de IGF-1 en la sangre o el funcionamiento inicial, el funcionamiento en un segundo redondo del ejercicio mejora perceptiblemente.

Ladrones, C, et al. La suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos aumenta niveles del s-IGA en corredores de la distancia: un estudio basado en atletas en el entrenamiento para el maratón 2002 de Rotorua. Investigación inédita. Los corredores del maratón en el entrenamiento fueron dados el colostro o el placebo de los bóvidos por 12 semanas en un estudio oculto doble. Ésos en el grupo del colostro demostraron considerablemente más IgA secretor (s-IgA) en su saliva que el grupo del placebo o controles sedentarios. El grupo del colostro también divulgó un índice perceptiblemente más bajo de las infecciones respiratorias superiores (URI) durante este período.

Kasemkijwattana, C, et al. Uso de los factores del crecimiento de mejorar el músculo curativo después de lesión de la tensión. Orthopedics Clínico 370:272-285 (2000). Lesiones del músculo, tales como tensiones, son comunes en atletas. El uso de los factores del crecimiento, tales como IGF-1, en tratar tales lesiones se explora.

Molloy, T, et al. El papeles de los factores del crecimiento en el tendón y el ligamento curativos. Medicina De los Deportes 33(5):381-394 (2003). El papeles de cinco diversos factores del crecimiento, de IGF-1, de los TGF-tGF-ss, del factor endothelial vascular del crecimiento (VEGF), del factor plaqueta-derivado del crecimiento (PDGF) y del factor básico del crecimiento del fibroblast (bFGF), en lesiones curativas del tendón y del ligamento se explora. Cada uno desempeña un papel diverso pero vital en el proceso.

Sato, K, et al. Mejora del músculo curativa con el realce de la regeneración del músculo y la prevención de la fibrosis. Músculo Y Nervio 28(3):355-372 (2003). IGF-1 puede mejorar la regeneración del músculo en músculo dañado.

Liang, L, et al. [ efecto de cytokines en la reparación de lesión del tendón ] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi 14(5) (chino):283-285 (2000). Cytokines, tal como los factores del crecimiento, lata acelera la reparación del tendón.

Mero, A, et al. Respuestas de IGF-I, de IgA, y de IgG a la suplementación del colostro de los bóvidos durante el entrenamiento. Diario de la fisiología aplicada 93(2):732-739 (2002). La suplementación del colostro aumenta niveles de IGF-1 y de IgA en atletas del entrenamiento, pero el IGF-1 en el colostro no se absorbe intacto.

Kuipers, H, et al. Los efectos de la suplementación oral del colostro de los bóvidos en el suero insulina-como factor-Yo del crecimiento nivelan. Nutrición 18(7-8):165-172 (2002). Un estudio para el comité olímpico internacional no demostró ningún aumento en los niveles IGF-1 o IGF-bp3 de la sangre después del tiempo de 4 semanas.

Zimecki, M, et al. Efecto de un polipéptido proline-rico (PRP) en el desarrollo de la anemia hemolítica y la supervivencia de los ratones del negro de Nueva Zelandia (NZB). Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991). Colostrinin (PRP) aumentó supervivencia en los ratones susceptibles a la anemia hemolítica, una enfermedad autoinmune. Se presume el colostrinin induce las células del supresor que retardan el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Esto sugiere que el colostrinin pueda tener valor terapéutico en enfermedades autoinmunes que tratan.

Mayordomo, J. E. Inmunoglobulinas de las secreciones mamarias. Capítulo Cinco. en: Lactancia: Un Tratado Comprensivo. Vol.. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson y V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Prensa Académica. Nueva York. 1974.

Christopher-Hennings-Hennings, J., et al., lmmunocompromise en los cerdos gnotobióticos inducidos por los escherichia verotoxin-que producen coli (Olll:Nm). Infecte. Immun. 1993. 61: p. 2304-2308.

Doyle, P. S. Los anticuerpos de Anti-Cryptosporiduim inhiben contagiosidad in vitro y en 9 vivo. Infección e inmunidad 61(10):4079-4084. Oct. 1993.

Ho, P.C., y Lawton, J.W.M. Células colostral humanas: Fagocitosis y matanza de E. Coli y C. Albicans. El diario de la pediatría. Vol.. 93. No. 6. pp. 910-915.

Kim, K., et al., in vitro y actividad que neutraliza in vivo del colostro y de la leche humanos contra las toxinas purificadas A y B del clostridium difficile. T. Infecte. Dis. 1985. 150: p. 57-61.

Majumdar, A. S., et al., características protectoras de los anticuerpos del contra-co'lera en colostro humano. Infecte. Immun. 1982. 36:p. 962965.

McClead, R., et al., resistencia de la toxina IgG del contra-co'lera de los bóvidos al proteolysis in vitro e in vivo. Pedia. Res. 1982.6: p. 227-231.

Morris, J. A., et al., protección pasiva de corderos contra los escherichia coli enteropathogenic: Papel de anticuerpos en suero y colostro. T. Med. Microbiología.el an o 80. 13: p. 265-271.

Spik, G., et al., bacteriostasis de una tensión leche-sensible de E. las inmunoglobulinas de coli y las proteínas hierro-que ataban se asociaron a colostro. Inmunología. 1981. 35: p. 663-670.

Wada, N., et al., actividad que neutraliza contra las toxinas difficile del clostridium en los supernatants de células colostral cultivadas. Infecte. Immun.. el an o 80.29: p. 545-550.

Watzl, B., et al., realce de la resistencia al parvum de Cryptosporidium por el colostro reunido de los bóvidos durante la infección retroviral murine. . T. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993. 48(4): p. 519-523.

Funatogawa K, Ide T, Kirikae F, Saruta K, Nakano M, Kirikae T. Microbiología Immunol. 2002;46(11):761-6. Los artículos relacionados, acoplamientos, uso de la inmunoglobulina enriquecieron el colostro de los bóvidos contra desafío oral con los escherichia coli enterohaemorrhagic O157:H7 en ratones. Oficina De Inspección Directa Meridional De los Productos De Carne, Tochigi, Tochigi 328-0033, Japón.

Seifert J, Molkewehrum M, Oesser S, Nebermann L, Schulze C. Eur Surg Res. 2002 Enero-Apr;34(1-2):68-72. Artículos relacionados, acoplamientos, inactivación de la endotoxina por el colostro enterally aplicado de diversa composición. Investigación quirúrgica, departamento de la cirugía y cirugía torácica, Kiel, Alemania.

Bolke E, Jehle P.M., Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., choque. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12. Uso oral relacionado de los artículos, de los acoplamientos, de Preoperative de la leche inmunoglobulina-enriquecida del colostro y respuesta del mediador durante cirugía abdominal. Departamento de la cirugía, universidad de Ulm, Alemania.

Em De Lilius, Marnila P. Curr Opin Infecta Dis. 2001 Jun;14(3):295-300. Artículos relacionados, acoplamientos, el papel de anticuerpos colostral en la prevención de infecciones microbianas. Departamento de la bioquímica y química alimenticia, universidad de Turku, Turku, Finlandia.

Graczyk Tk, SR. De Cranfield, Bostwick EF., J Parasitol. 2000 Jun;86(3):631-2. Artículos relacionados, acoplamientos, tratamiento acertado del colostro de los bóvidos del hyperimmune de los monitores de la sabana (exanthematicus de Varanus) infectados con el SP de Cryptosporidium. Departamento de la microbiología y de la inmunología moleculares, escuela de la higiene y salud pública, universidad de Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, los E.E.U.U..

Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, ADO De Busch, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4):452-6. Los artículos relacionados, acoplamientos, colostro de los bóvidos mejoran diarrea en la infección con los escherichia coli diarrheagenic, shiga E toxin-producing. Coli, y E. coli que expresa intimin y el hemolysin. Hospital de los niños, la universidad de Wurzburg, Alemania.

Bitzan, M.M.; Oro, B.D.; Philpott, D.J.; Huesca, M.; Sherman, P.M.; Karch, H.; Lissner, R.; Lingwood, C.A.; Karmali, M.A.; Inhibición de los píloros de Helicobacter y de los mustelae de Helicobactor que atan a los receptores del lípido por el colostro de los bóvidos. El diario de enfermedades infecciosas. 177:955-961, abril de 1998.

TH De Casswall, Sarker Sa, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12(6):563-8. Artículos relacionados, acoplamientos, tratamiento de la infección de los píloros de Helicobacter en infantes en Bangladesh rural con las inmunoglobulinas orales del colostro de los bóvidos del hyperimmune. Departamento de ciencias clínicas, hospital de Huddinge, instituto de Karolinska, Suecia.

Bitzan Milímetro, Oro BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman P.M., Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood Ca, Karmali MA. J Infecta Dis. 1998 Apr;177(4):955-61. Artículos relacionados, acoplamientos, inhibición de los píloros de Helicobacter y de los mustelae de Helicobacter que atan a los receptores del lípido por el colostro de los bóvidos. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):276-83. Related Articles, Links, Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Flanigan T, Marshall R, Redman D, Kaetzel C, Ungar B. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):225S-227S. Related Articles, Links, In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Mukoyama A. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;65(1):54-60. Related Articles, Links,[Bacteriostatic activity of bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health.

Stephan W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 Jan;28(1):19-23. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Biotest Pharma GmbH, Forschungsabteilung, Frankfurt.

Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3. Related Articles, Links, Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Opdebeeck JP, Norcross NL. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Jul;46(7):1561-4. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus.

McClead RE, Gregory SA. Infect Immun. 1984 May;44(2):474-8. Related Articles, Links, Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis.

McClead RE, Butler T, Rabbani GH. (1988) Orally Administered Bovine Colostral Anti-Cholera Toxin Antibodies: Results of Two Clinical Trials. The American Journal of Medicine. 85:811-816

Michalek SM, McGhee JR. (1977) Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to streptococcus mutans elicits protection. Infection and Immunity. 17:644-650.

Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.

Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Bovine colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens.

Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens.

Korhonen, H. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78:655-662 (1995). The antibody-complement system found in bovine colostrum was also found to be bactericidal against H. pylori.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78(6):655-662 (1995). Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers in humans. Serum and colostrum from non-immunized Friesian cows were found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori. Post-colostral milk did not show any bactericidal effect against H. pylori.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998). H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.

Wada, T, et al. The therapeutic effect of bovine lactoferrin in the host infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 34(3):238-243 (1999). Mice infected with H. pylori were given a daily dose of bovine lactoferrin for 2-4 weeks. Their intestines were then examined for bacterial content. Numbers of H. pylori were reduced to 10% of pre-lactoferrin levels and greatly decreased the numbers of H. pylori bound to the intestinal wall. Serum antibody titer to H. pylori were reduced to practically zero, indicating that the immune response of the host was no longer recognizing H. pylori infection. Therefore it was deduced that lactoferrin has a direct antibacterial effect on H. pylori infection and prevents binding of the pathogen to the intestinal lining.

Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002). Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.

Lilius, EM, Marnila, P. The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14(3): 295-300 (2001) . Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer's patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother's colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Masson, PL, et al. An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clinica Chemica Acta 14:735 (1966). Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of siderophilic (iron-loving) bacteria and Candida albicans.

Gross, Neil; Carey, John; Hamilton, Joan. "Quiet Strides in the War on Cancer," Business Week. February 6:150, 1995.

Lidbeck, A.; Allinger, U. G.; Orrhage, K. M.; Ottova, L.; Brismar, B.; Gustafsson, J. A.; Rafter, J.; Nord, C. E. "Impact of Lactobacillus Acidophilus Supplements on the Fecal Microflora and Soluble Fecal Bile Acids in Colon Cancer Patients," Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 4:81-8, 1991.

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Shahani, K. et al, Antitumor activity of fermented colostrum and milk 01-May-83 - Investigated the effect of feeding fresh colostrum and colostrum cultured with either L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus or yoghurt starter on the proliferation of ascites tumor cells.

Parodi, PW. Cows' milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. Journal of Nutrition 127(6):1055-1060 (1997). Including dairy products in the diet has been shown to lessen the chance of developing cancer. One of the ways dairy products accomplish this is through the anticarcinogenic properties of several milk fats, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), sphingomyelin, butyric acid and ether lipids. Cows also have the ability to absorb anticarcinogenic compounds, such as beta-carotene, beta-ionone and gossypol, from their feed and include them in their milk.

Parodi, PW. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat. 82:1339-1349 (1999) CLA in even small amounts has a potent anticarcinogenic effect, as does sphingomyelin. Other components of milk with anticarcinogenic activity include butyric acid, ether lipids, beta-carotene and vitamins A and D.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76:183-190 (2000).

Zoltan P. Rona, M.D., M.Sc., Bovine Colostrum Emerges as Immunity Modulator, March 1998, American Journal of Natural Medicine)

Inglot, A.D., et al. "Colostrinine: a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum is a modest cytokine inducer in human leukocytes." Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Wasz), 1996;44(4):215-224.

Blach-Olszewska, Z, Janusz, M. Stimulatory effect of ovine colostrinine (a proline-rich polypeptide) on interferons and tumor necrosis factor product by murine resident peritoneal cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis (Warsaw) 45(1):43-47 (1997). Colostrinin stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interferon-beta (INF-ß), both important cytokines in the inflammatory response.

Bocci, V, et al. What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biologic Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents 5(4):121-124 (1991). The cytokines present in colostrum, such as TNF-a, interferon-?, IL-1 and IL-6, have an immunostimulatory effect. This could be significant for aged people or others with immunodeficiency.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

Bogdan, C, Nathan, C. Modulation of macrophage function by transforming growth factor beta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 685:713-739 (1993). Certain cytokines found in colostrum, TGF-ß, IL-4 and IL-10, have a modulatory effect on macrophages, either stimulating or deactivating them as conditions dictate.

Feldmann, M, et al. Cytokines in autoimmune disorders. International Review of Immunology 17(1-4)217-228 (1998). Cytokines are important protein mediators of immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, fibrosis, and so forth, in other words, all the major biological processes which underlie autoimmune disorders. Modulating the effects of these cytokines, particularly TNF-a, can result in amelioration of the symptoms of the disorders.

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Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in colostrum, including anti-polio antibody.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via colostrum.

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 -915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001) Interleukin-1ß in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, et al. (1998) Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961.

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Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

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Batash, S., et al. Intestinal permeability in HIV infection: proper controls are necessary (letter). American Journal of Gastroenterology. 87:680, 1992.

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Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Gastroenterology. 1984 Aug;87(2):379-85. Related Articles, Links, A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid. Studies in adult and suckling rats.

Pironi, L.; et al. "Relationship Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Activity in Asymptomatic Patients with Crohn's Diseasse," Dig. Dis. Sci. 35(5):582-588, 1990.

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Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Bühler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Unpublished research (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Rooney, PJ, et al. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 8:75-83 (1990). The connection between increased permeability of the intestines and inflammatory arthritis is examined. The gut is the likely source of the antigens which cause inflammatory arthritis.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere's Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

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Masaaki I, and et al. (1999) Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 17:35-40.

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Saito H, Miyakawa H, Tamura Y, Shimamura S, Tomita M. (1991) Potent bactericidal activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate produced by heat treatment at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3724-3730.

Shin K, Yamauchi K, Teraguchi S, et al. (1998) Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin and its peptides against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 26:407-411.

Thaler C, Labarrer C, Hunt J, McIntyre J, Faulk P. (1999) Unique epitopes of lactoferrin expressed in human cytotrophoblasts involved in immunologic reactions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):460-7.

Viani RM, Gutteberg TJ, Lathey JL, Spector SA. (1999) Lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro and exhibits synergy when combined with zidovudine. AIDS. 13:1273-4.

Vorland L, Ulvatne H, Andersen J, et al. (1999) Antibacterial effects of lactoferricin B. Scandinavian Journal of Infected Disease. 31:179-184.

Zagulski T, Jarzabek Z, Zagulska A, Zimecki M. (1998) The main systemic, highly effective mechanisms generated by lactoferrin in mammals in vitro. Advances in Lactoferrin Research. 443:247-50.

Yamauchi K, Tomita M, Giehl TJ, Ellison RT. Antibacterial activity of lactoferrin and a pepsin-derived lactoferrin peptide fragment. Infection and Immunity. 61:719-728, 1993.

Bellamy, W., et al. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 73:472-479, 1992.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.

van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.

Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.

Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).

Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.

Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000). Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.

Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000). The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.

Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999). Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.

Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999). Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.

Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutrition and Cancer 38(2):192-199 (2000). A similar study on the protective effects of lactoferrin supplementation on protecting from lung metastasis in experimentally induced colon cancer. In addition to the increase in cytotoxic cells seen in other studies, there was also an increase in IL-18 produ